CDC. Hepatitis C. 2025 [cited 2025 Mar 12]. Hepatitis C Basics. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/about/index.html

CDC. Viral Hepatitis. 2024 [cited 2025 Mar 12]. Hepatitis C Virus – Reduce Rate Among PWID. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/php/npr-2024/hep-c-reduce-infections-pwid.html

Leach M, Chapin S, Porges I, Portner S, Charest T, Downing J, et al. Evaluation of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Philadelphia’s Shelter-Bound, Homeless Population: Data from a Student-Run Hepatitis C Virus Screening Initiative. Popul Health Manag. 2021;24(4):448–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone J, Artenie A, Hickman M, Martin NK, Degenhardt L, Fraser H, et al. The contribution of unstable housing to HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs globally, regionally, and at country level: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e136–45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McInnes DK, Troszak LK, Fincke BG, Shwartz M, Midboe AM, Gifford AL, et al. Is the Availability of Direct-Acting Antivirals Associated with Increased Access to Hepatitis C Treatment for Homeless and Unstably Housed Veterans? J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(5):1038–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh J, Saab S. Qualitative study outlines strategies promoting linkage to care in homeless and marginally housed patients with hepatitis C. Evid Based Nurs. 2023;26(2):62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arum C, Fraser H, Artenie AA, Bivegete S, Trickey A, Alary M, et al. Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(5):e309–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee DU, Ponder R, Lee KJ, Yoo A, Fan GH, Jung D, et al. The nationwide trends in hospital admissions, deaths, and costs related to hepatitis C stratified by psychiatric disorders and substance use: an analysis of US hospitals between 2016 and 2019. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;35(4):402–19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harless C, Lugo B, Ostrach B. Hepatitis C and HIV Screening, Testing, and Risk Perceptions among South-Central Appalachian County Health Department Staff. South Med J. 2022;115(7):422–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rojas SA, Godino JG, Northrup A, Khasira M, Tam A, Asmus L, et al. Effectiveness of a Decentralized Hub and Spoke Model for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in a Federally Qualified Health Center. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5(3):412–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paisi M, Crombag N, Burns L, Bogaerts A, Withers L, Bates L, et al. Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C screening and treatment for people with lived experience of homelessness: A mixed-methods systematic review. Health Expect. 2022;25(1):48–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strebe J, Rich NE, Wang L, Singal AG, McBryde J, Silva M, et al. Patient Navigation Increases Linkage to Care and Receipt of Direct-acting Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(4):988-994.e2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hashim A, Macken L, Jones A, McGeer M, Aithal G, Verma S. Community-Based Assessment and Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Related Liver Disease, Injecting Drug and Alcohol Use Amongst People Who Are Homeless: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;96:103342.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morris MD, McDonell C, Luetkemeyer AF, Thawley R, McKinney J, Price JC. Community-Based Point-of-Diagnosis Hepatitis C Treatment for Marginalized Populations: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2338792.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moore MS, Bocour A. Association Between Time to First RNA-Negative Test Result Among People With Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Homelessness or Testing at a Correctional or Substance Use Treatment Facility. New York City Public Health Rep. 2022;137(6):1126–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benitez TM, Fernando SM, Amini C, Saab S. Geographically Focused Collocated Hepatitis C Screening and Treatment in Los Angeles’s Skid Row. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(10):3023–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seaman A, King CA, Kaser T, Geduldig A, Ronan W, Cook R, et al. A hepatitis C elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: A novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;96:103359.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosecrans A, Harris R, Clair AS, Rice M, Zoltick M, Willman C, et al. Challenges and Opportunities for Treating Hepatitis C Amongst People Who Use Drugs: Experience of an Integrated Mobile Clinic in Baltimore City. J Viral Hepat. 2024;32(4):e14038.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Rosario A, Eldredge JD, Doorley S, Mishra SI, Kesler D, Page K. Hepatitis C virus care cascade in persons experiencing homelessness in the United States in the era of direct-acting antiviral agents: A scoping review. J Viral Hepat. 2021;28(11):1506–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Partida D, Powell J, Ricco M, Naugle J, Magee C, Zevin B, et al. Formal Hepatitis C Education Increases Willingness to Receive Therapy in an On-site Shelter-Based HCV Model of Care in Persons Experiencing Homelessness. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(4):ofac103.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim S, Powell J, Naugle J, Ricco M, Magee C, Masson C, et al. Patient-reported experiences with direct acting antiviral therapy in an integrated model of hepatitis C care in homeless shelters. J Viral Hepat. 2021;28(10):1488–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nyamathi AM, Wall SA, Yadav K, Shin SS, Chang A, Arce N, et al. Engaging the Community in Designing a Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Program for Adults Experiencing Homelessness. Qual Health Res. 2021;31(11):2069–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beiser ME, Smith K, Ingemi M, Mulligan E, Baggett TP. Hepatitis C treatment outcomes among homeless-experienced individuals at a community health centre in Boston. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;72:129–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Desai A, O’Neal L, Reinis K, Brown C, Stefanowicz M, Kuang A, et al. Identifying barriers and facilitators along the hepatitis C care cascade to inform human-centered design of contextualized treatment protocols for vulnerable populations in Austin, Texas: a qualitative study. Implement Sci Commun. 2023;4(1):98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fokuo JK, Masson CL, Anderson A, Powell J, Bush D, Ricco M, et al. Recommendations for Implementing Hepatitis C Virus Care in Homeless Shelters: The Stakeholder Perspective. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4(5):646–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Masson CL, Fokuo JK, Anderson A, Powell J, Zevin B, Bush D, et al. Clients’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implementing hepatitis C virus care in homeless shelters. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Litwin AH, Lum PJ, Taylor LE, Mehta SH, Tsui JI, Feinberg J, et al. Patient-centred models of hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: a multicentre, pragmatic randomised trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2022;7(12):1112–27.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Karasz A, Singh R, McKee MD, Merchant K, Kim AY, Page K, et al. Treatment for hepatitis C virus with direct acting antiviral agents: Perspectives and treatment experiences of people who inject drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022;140:108768.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beiser ME, Shaw LC, Wilson GA, Muse KO, Shores SK, Baggett TP. Factors Associated with Sustained Virologic Response to Hepatitis C Treatment in a Homeless-Experienced Cohort in Boston, 2014–2020. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38(4):865–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khalili M, Powell J, Park HH, Bush D, Naugle J, Ricco M, et al. Shelter-Based Integrated Model Is Effective in Scaling Up Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment in Persons Experiencing Homelessness. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(1):50–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powell J, Ricco M, Naugle J, Magee C, Hassan H, Masson C, et al. Adherence to Hepatitis C Therapy in a Shelter-Based Education and Treatment Model Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(10):ofab488.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Valerio H, Martinello M, Law M, Janjua NZ, et al. Hepatitis C reinfection after successful antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs: A meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;72(4):643–57.

Article  CAS