Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and results from mutations occurring during DNA replication, as well as environmental and lifestyle factors that significantly influence cancer risk (Global Burden of Disease Cancer et al., 2017). In addition, risk factors including toxins, diet, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, lifestyle choices, infectious agents, and their combinations further contribute to cancer risk (Adler et al., 2006, Adak and Khan, 2019). The human body harbors approximately 40 million microorganisms, encompassing around 3000 species of bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Sender, Fuchs, & Milo, 2016a). These diverse microorganisms play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and functional stability (Adak & Khan, 2019). Over 97 % of these microorganisms are found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the colon, and are collectively known as the gut microbiota (Sender, Fuchs, & Milo, 2016b). This microbiota is crucial for various physiological functions, such as immune system development and nutrient synthesis (Backert et al., 2015, Andrews et al., 2021). Disruptions in the balance between the microbiota and the host, termed gut dysbiosis, can lead to changes in microbial composition, metabolic products, and secretory vesicles, which have been linked to a range of physiological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseas, diabetes, obesity, and cancer (Brandl et al., 2008, Cai et al., 2022, Cash et al., 2006, Canale et al., 2021, Becerril-Alarcon et al., 2019, Buchta Rosean et al., 2019, Buffie et al., 2015, Bhatt et al., 2017, Bundgaard-Nielsen et al., 2019, Brown, 2000, Bucataru et al., 2023, Bear et al., 2023, Boleij et al., 2015, Baruch et al., 2021, Carlini et al., 2021). The gut microbiota has become essential for maintaining human health, affecting not just the gastrointestinal tract but also extra intestinal organs like the brain, liver, and pancreas (Chen et al., 2022, Castellarin et al., 2012). Interestingly, bacteria and their products are known to cause cancer as depicted in Fig. 1.