Objectives Rising temperatures are a major climate-related hazard for U.S. workers, increasing heat-related illness and a broad range of occupational injuries through indirect pathways often overlooked in economic evaluations. We examined the association between temperature and occupational injury and illness and quantified heat-attributable injuries (including illnesses) and costs in New York State.

Methods We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study of 591,257 workers’ compensation (WC) claims during the warm season (2016–2024). Daily maximum temperature was linked to injury date and county and modeled using natural cubic splines, with effect modification by industry and worker characteristics.

Results Injury risk increased with temperature, becoming statistically significant at approximately 78°F. Relative to 65°F, injury odds increased to 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01–1.10) at 80°F, 1.12 (1.07–1.18) at 90°F, and 1.17 (1.11–1.23) at 95°F. Overall, 5.0% of claims (2,322 annually) were attributable to heat. At temperatures ≥80°F, an estimated 1,729 excess injuries occurred annually, generating approximately $46 million in WC costs. An estimated $3.2 million to $36.1 million in medical expenditures were associated with incomplete claims, likely borne outside the WC system.

Conclusions These findings demonstrate substantial economic costs not fully captured within WC and support workplace heat protections as a cost-containment strategy that can reduce health care spending and strengthen workforce resilience.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study did not receive any funding

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