Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are essential components of the cytoskeleton, and are classified into six types based on their sequence similarities and protein structures [1]. Vimentin, a type III IF protein, is widely expressed in diverse cell types including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells. Vimentin filaments serve as a scaffold for structural integrity, mechanical strength, organelle anchorage, and signal transduction [1,2].

In this review, we highlight the growing evidences revealing the unconventional functions of vimentin. Specifically, we will discuss vimentin's functions as an extracellular component, its role as a membrane receptor or co-receptor, and its regulatory influence on gene expression and cellular metabolism in both pathological and physiological conditions. Through these perspectives, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted roles of vimentin.