Raič M. Depression and heart diseases: leading health problems. Psychiatr Danub. 2017;4:770–7.

Google Scholar 

Li Z, Li Y, Chen L, Chen P, Hu Y. Prevalence of depression in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2015;94:e1317.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9:137–50.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet Lond Engl. 2018;392:2299–312.

Article  Google Scholar 

Johannessen L, Strudsholm U, Foldager L, Munk-Jørgensen P. Increased risk of hypertension in patients with bipolar disorder and patients with anxiety compared to background population and patients with schizophrenia. J Affect Disord. 2006;95:13–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kretchy IA, Owusu-Daaku FT, Danquah SA. Mental health in hypertension: assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress on anti-hypertensive medication adherence. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2014;8:25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan B, Zhao JV. Genetic proxies for antihypertensive drugs and mental disorders: mendelian randomization study in European and East Asian populations. BMC Med. 2024;22:6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Radu S, Ouatu A, Rezus C, Ciocoiu M, et al. Arterial hypertension and interleukins: potential therapeutic target or future diagnostic marker? Int J Hypertens. 2019;2019:3159283.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cruickshank JM. The role of beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:149–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beers MH, Passman LJ. Antihypertensive medications and depression. Drugs. 1990;40:792–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nasr SJ, Crayton JW, Agarwal B, Wendt B, Kora R. Lower frequency of antidepressant use in patients on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modifying medications. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31:615–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agustini B, Mohebbi M, Woods RL, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Shah RC, et al. The association of antihypertensive use and depressive symptoms in a large older population with hypertension living in Australia and the United States: a cross-sectional study. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;34:787–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kessing LV, Rytgaard HC, Ekstrøm CT, Torp-Pedersen C, Berk M, Gerds TA. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of depression: a nationwide Population-Based Study. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2020;76:1263–79.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Cao YY, Xiang X, Song J, Tian YH, Wang MY, Wang XW, et al. Distinct effects of antihypertensives on depression in the real-world setting: a retrospective cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2019;259:386–91.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–12.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT. Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing riskof-bias assessments. Res Syn Meth. 2021;12:55–61.

Cornell JE, Mulrow CD, Localio R, Stack CB, Meibohm AR, Guallar E, et al. Random-effects meta-analysis of inconsistent effects: a time for change. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:267–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.4. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020

Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18:e1230.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zill P, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Born C, Früstück C, Büttner A, et al. DNA methylation analysis of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene in major depression. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e40479.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bornand D, Reinau D, Jick SS, Meier CR. β-blockers and the risk of depression: a Matched Case-Control Study. Drug Saf. 2022;45:181–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Verbeek DEP, van Riezen J, de Boer RA, van Melle JP, de Jonge P. A review on the putative association between beta-blockers and depression. Heart Fail Clin. 2011;7:89–99.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poirier L, Tobe SW. Contemporary use of β-blockers: clinical relevance of subclassification. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:S9–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riemer TG, Villagomez Fuentes LE, Algharably EAE, Schäfer MS, Mangelsen E, Fürtig MA, et al. Do β-blockers cause depression? Hypertension. 2021;77:1539–48.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Fan Y, Sun Y, Alolga RN, Xiao P, Ma G. Antihypertensive drug use and the risk of depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:777987.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chauquet S, Zhu Z, O’Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Wray NR, Shah S. Association of antihypertensive drug target genes with psychiatric disorders: a mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:623–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du XL, Martinez J, Yamal JM, Simpson LM, Davis BR. The 18-year risk of cancer, angioedema, insomnia, depression, and erectile dysfunction in association with antihypertensive drugs: post-trial analyses from ALLHAT-Medicare linked data. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1272385.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee JM, Choi S, Jeong S, Son JS, Park SJ, Chang J, et al. Distinct effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on major depressive disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Asian J Psychiatry. 2023;81:103436.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shaw RJ, Mackay D, Pell JP, Padmanabhan S, Bailey DS, Smith DJ. The relationship between antihypertensive medications and mood disorders: analysis of linked healthcare data for 1.8 million patients. Psychol Med. 2021;51:1183–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Sloten TT, Souverein PC, Stehouwer CD, Driessen JH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of depression among older people with hypertension. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2022;36:594–603.

Article  Google Scholar 

Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2010;71:305–13.

Google Scholar 

Boal AH, Smith DJ, McCallum L, Muir S, Touyz RM, Dominiczak AF, et al. Monotherapy with major antihypertensive drug classes and risk of hospital admissions for mood disorders. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2016;68:1132–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Feng L, Tan CH, Merchant RA, Ng TP. Association between depressive symptoms and use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), corticosteroids and histamine H(2) receptor antagonists in community-dwelling older persons: cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort. Drugs Aging. 2008;25:795–805.

Article  PubMed  CAS