Weak protection in males was observed from recent HPV vaccination.

No protection was observed in females recently vaccinated against HPV.

Recent HPV vaccination did not reduce transmission in discordant couples.

Recent HPV vaccination of one partner did not protect the unvaccinated partner.

Understanding human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission dynamics within couples is necessary for optimal vaccine catch-up strategies. We used data from the Transmission Reduction and Prevention with HPV Vaccination (TRAP-HPV) study to estimate sex-specific incidence and transmission rates.

The TRAP-HPV study enrolled (2014–2022) new (≤6 months) heterosexual couples aged 18+ in Montreal, Canada. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial design. Participants (n = 308) were randomized into four groups: neither partner vaccinated against HPV, only the male partner vaccinated against HPV, only the female partner vaccinated against HPV, or both partners vaccinated against HPV. Genital samples, collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months, were genotyped for 36 HPV types. We performed time-to-event analyses for vaccine-targeted HPVs (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) and HPVs phylogenetically related (35/39/44/59/67/68/70) and unrelated (26/34/40/42/51/53/54/56/61/62/66/69/71/72/73/81/82/83/84/89) to vaccine-targeted types, using type-specific HPV infections as the unit of analysis.

Participants had a mean age of 25.5 years (SD 6.0), and a median of 6 (IQR: 2–15) lifetime sexual partners. Among males, incidence rates (in events/1000 months) were 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.17–3.07) and 1.67 (95 % CI: 0.75–3.51) in the two groups with vaccinated males versus 2.42 (95 % CI: 0.97–7.63) and 3.35 (95 % CI: 1.95–6.30) in the groups with unvaccinated males. Results were similar for the three HPV groups.

There was no consistent pattern of protection against incident HPV detection in females and no indication that recent vaccination was associated with lower transmission in discordant couples or with protection for one’s partner. Findings should not be generalized to younger populations.

Human papillomavirus

HPV

Sexually transmitted infections

Vaccination

Incidence

Transmission

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.