Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M (1997) α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388(6645):839–840

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M (1998) α-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(11):6469–6473

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL, Goedert M (1998) Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett 251(3):205–208

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H (1998) α-Synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 249(2–3):180–182

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bessen RA, Marsh RF (1992) Biochemical and physical properties of the prion protein from two strains of the transmissible mink encephalopathy agent. J Virol 66:2096–2101

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bessen RA, Marsh RF (1992) Identification of two biologically distinct strains of transmissible mink encephalopathy in hamsters. J Gen Virol 73(2):329–334

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khedmatgozar CR, Holec SAM, Woerman AL (2024) The role of α-synuclein prion strains in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. PLoS Pathog 20(1):e1011920

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schweighauser M, Shi Y, Tarutani A, Kametani F, Murzin AG, Ghetti B et al (2020) Structures of α-synuclein filaments from multiple system atrophy. Nature 585(7825):464–469

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Shi Y, Schweighauser M, Zhang X, Kotecha A, Murzin AG et al (2022) Structures of alpha-synuclein filaments from human brains with Lewy pathology. Nature 610(7933):791–795

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holec SAM, Lee J, Khedmatgozar CR, Wojewska MJ, Oehler A, Halliday GM et al (2025) Evidence of a novel alpha-synuclein strain isolated from a Parkinson’s disease with dementia patient sample. Acta Neuropathol Commun 13:177

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polymenidou M, Stoeck K, Glatzel M, Vey M, Bellon A, Aguzzi A (2005) Coexistence of multiple PrPSc types in individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet Neurol 4:805–814

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cali I, Castellani R, Alshekhlee A, Cohen Y, Blevins J, Yuan J et al (2009) Co-existence of scrapie prion protein types 1 and 2 in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: its effect on the phenotype and prion-type characteristics. Brain 132(Pt 10):2643–2658

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cali I, Puoti G, Smucny J, Curtiss PM, Cracco L, Kitamoto T et al (2020) Co-existence of PrPD types 1 and 2 in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of the VV subgroup: phenotypic and prion protein characteristics. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58446-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickinson AG, Fraser H, Meikle VMH, Outram GW (1972) Competition between different scrapie agents in mice. Nat New Biol 237(77):244–245

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickinson AG, Fraser H, McConnell I, Outram GW, Sales DI, Taylor DM (1975) Extraneural competition between different scrapie agents leading to loss of infectivity. Nature 253(5492):556

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimberlin RH, Walker CA (1985) Competition between strains of scrapie depends on the blocking agent being infectious. Intervirology 23(2):74–81

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartz JC, Bessen RA, McKenzie D, Marsh RF, Aiken JM (2000) Adaptation and selection of prion protein strain conformations following interspecies transmission of transmissible mink encephalopathy. J Virol 74:5542–5547

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartz JC, Aiken JM, Bessen RA (2004) Delay in onset of prion disease for the HY strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy as a result of prior peripheral inoculation with the replication-deficient DY strain. J Gen Virol 85(Pt 1):265–273

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartz JC, Kramer ML, Sheehan MH, Hutter JA, Ayers JI, Bessen RA et al (2007) Prion interference is due to a reduction in strain-specific PrPSc levels. J Virol 81(2):689–697

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langenfeld KA, Shikiya RA, Kincaid AE, Bartz JC (2016) Incongruity between prion conversion and incubation period following coinfection. J Virol 90(12):5715–5723

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holec SAM, Lee J, Oehler A, Ooi FK, Mordes DA, Olson SH et al (2022) Multiple system atrophy prions transmit neurological disease to mice expressing wild-type human α-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol 144(4):677–690

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holec SAM, Lee J, Oehler A, Batia L, Wiggins-Gamble A, Lau J et al (2022) The E46K mutation modulates α-synuclein prion replication in transgenic mice. PLoS Pathog 18(12):e1010956

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holec SAM, Khedmatgozar CR, Schure SJ, Pham T, Woerman AL (2024) A-synuclein prion strains differentially adapt after passage in mice. PLoS Pathog 20(12):e1012746

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woerman AL, Kazmi SA, Patel S, Aoyagi A, Oehler A, Widjaja K et al (2018) Familial Parkinson’s point mutation abolishes multiple system atrophy prion replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(2):409–414

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woerman AL, Stöhr J, Aoyagi A, Rampersaud R, Krejciova Z, Watts JC et al (2015) Propagation of prions causing synucleinopathies in cultured cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(35):E4949–E4958

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reis PM, Holec SAM, Ezeiruaku C, Frost MP, Brown CK, Liu SL et al (2024) Structurally targeted mutagenesis identifies key residues supporting α-synuclein misfolding in multiple system atrophy. J Parkinsons Dis 14(8):1543–1558

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giasson BI, Duda JE, Quinn SM, Zhang B, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2002) Neuronal α-synucleinopathy with severe movement disorder in mice expressing A53T human α-synuclein. Neuron 34(4):521–533

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carlson GA, Kingsbury DT, Goodman PA, Coleman S, Marshall ST, DeArmond S et al (1986) Linkage of prion protein and scrapie incubation time genes. Cell 46:503–511

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickinson AG, Outram GW (1973) Differences in access into the central nervous system of ME7 scrapie agent from two strains of mice. J Comp Pathol 83:13–18

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickinson AG, Fraser H, Outram GW (1975) Scrapie incubation time can exceed natural lifespan. Nature 256:732–733

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shikiya RA, Ayers JI, Schutt CR, Kincaid AE, Bartz JC (2010) Coinfecting prion strains compete for a limiting cellular resource. J Virol 84(11):5706–5714

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prusiner SB, Woerman AL, Mordes DA, Watts JC, Rampersaud R, Berry DB et al (2015) Evidence for α-synuclein prions causing multiple system atrophy in humans with parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(38):E5308–E5317

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woerman AL, Patel S, Kazmi SA, Oehler A, Lee J, Mordes DA et al (2020) Kinetics of α-synuclein prions preceding neuropathological inclusions in multiple system atrophy. PLoS Pathog 16(2):e1008222

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glenner GG, Wong CW (1984) Alzheimer’s disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 120:885–890

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang J, Lemaire H-G, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik K-H et al (1987) The precursor of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325:733–736

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brion J-P, Passareiro H, Nunez J, Flament-Durand J (1985) Mise en évidence immunologique de la protéine tau au niveau des lésions de dégénérescence neurofibrillaire de la maladie d’Alzhei