Two new palladium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) were synthesized using imine- and azo-functional ligands, namely (E)-4-hydroxy-3-(1-((2-(methylthio)phenyl) imino)ethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (HL1) and (E)-6-((2-(ethylthio)phenyl)diazenyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (HL2). The ligands and their corresponding complexes were comprehensively characterized by NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The molecular structures of complexes were confirmed using single crystal X-Ray diffraction study. Both complexes exhibited strong interactions with CT-DNA and BSA, demonstrating high binding affinity as confirmed by UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, the In-vitro cytotoxic activity of the complexes was tested on MCF-7 (human breast epithelial adenocarcinoma) and MCF-10A (human breast epithelial) cell lines using Clonogenic and Nuclear Fragmentation assay. Both complexes showed potent anti-proliferative activities, with C2 displaying slightly higher potency than C1.

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