Intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy are often comorbid, but the pathways that lead to epilepsy in individuals with ID remain unclear. This study aims to explore the molecular pathways linked to epilepsy development in ID, providing insights into shared genetic mechanisms.

Definitive ID-related genes were extracted from the SysNDD database, and their association with epilepsy pathways was assessed using gene set overrepresentation analysis. Enrichment was performed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Disease Ontology (DO) terms. Pathways were classified based on their relevance to epilepsy, and the involvement of specific genes was analyzed.

Approximately 75% of ID-related genes were associated with epilepsy. Enriched pathways in ID-related epilepsy genes included neurotransmitter signaling, ion channel regulation, and metabolic pathways such as “nicotine addiction” and “thermogenesis.” Key genes like GRIN2A, CACNA1A, and PIGB were found to be involved in multiple pathways, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. DO and GO terms indicated shared and distinct mechanisms between ID and epilepsy, with significant overlap in pathways such as “intellectual disability.”

We performed overrepresentation analyses on curated gene sets; the results are descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than causal. These insights provide potential targets for therapeutic interventions and highlight the need for further research into the genetic underpinnings of epilepsy in this population.

All authors have seen and approved the final version of the main text.

This study was approved by the Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee.

Received: 17 August 2025

Accepted: 04 December 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
11 December 2025

Article published online:
24 December 2025

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