Keywords

Biological activity

Ginseng polysaccharides

Structure

Structure-activity relationships

Structural transformation

AbbreviationsBGP-60 to 80

60 %–80 % Ethanol Precipitate from black ginseng polysaccharide

BMDCs

bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

DM

degree of methyl-esterification

DSS

dextran sulfate sodium

ECM

Disruption of the extracellular matrix

EMT

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

EWGP-0

enzymatic-degradation-WGP-0

F12 to 24-WGPE-9%

fermentation 12 to 24 h-enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng-9% NaCl

FGP-0 to 0.2

Fermented ginseng polysaccharide-0 to 0.2 M NaCl

G-WGPE-9%

gastric juice digestion-enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng-9% NaCl

GPA

ginseng acidic polysaccharides

GPN

ginseng neutral polysaccharides

GPx

glutathione peroxidase

HIF

hypoxia-inducible factor

I-WGPE-9%

intestinal juice digestion-enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng polysaccharide-9% NaCl

IIS

insulin/IGF-1 signaling

MHC

major histocompatibility complex

Mw

weight-average molecular weight

PRRs

pattern recognition receptors

RGP-0 to 0.5

red ginseng polysaccharide-0 to 0.5 M NaCl

RGPE- a

enzymatic hydrolysate of red ginseng polysaccharide- a

ROS

reactive oxygen species

S-WGPE-9%

saliva digestion-enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng polysaccharide-9% NaCl

SCFAs

short-chain fatty acids

SGP-0.5

steamed ginseng polysaccharide-0.5 M NaCl

SGP

steamed ginseng polysaccharide

SKN-1

skinhead-like protein -1

WGP-0

white ginseng polysaccharide-0 M NaCl

WGP-0.1

white ginseng polysaccharide-0.1 M NaCl

WGP-0.1 to 0.5-RG or HG

white ginseng polysaccharide-0.1 to 0.5 M NaCl-RG or HG

WGP-0.5

white ginseng polysaccharide-0.5 M NaCl

WGP-20 to 80 EP

20 % to 80%ethanol precipitate from white ginseng polysaccharide

WGPE-0

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng polysaccharide-0 M NaCl

WGPE-9%

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng polysaccharide-9% NaCl

WGPE-0.1 to 0.6

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng polysaccharide-0.1 to 0.6 M NaCl

WGPA-0.2

white ginseng acidic polysaccharide-0.2 M NaCl

WGPN

white ginseng neutral polysaccharide

WGPAE-0.07 to 0.3M-AG or RG

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng acidic polysaccharide-0.07 to 0.3 M NaCl-AG or RG

WGPAE-0.15 a

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng acidic polysaccharide-0.15 M NaCl a

WGPNE-0.1 to 0.2

enzymatic hydrolysate of white ginseng neutral polysaccharide-0.1 to 0.2 M NaCl

WGRP

white ginseng residue polysaccharide

WGRPN

white neutral ginseng residue polysaccharides