Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (NDLVC): A Name, Multiple Souls

Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, Bezzina CR, Biagini E, Blom NA, de Boer RA, DeWinter T, Perry ME, Flather M, Garcia-Pavia P, Haugaa KH, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J European heart journal. 2023;44(37):3503–3626

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Setti M, De Luca A, Paldino A, Del Mestre E, Bassetto G, Perotto M, Radesich C, Merro E, Rossi M, Girotto G, Gigli M, Dal Ferro M, Benfari G, Ribichini FL, Merlo M, et al. Fenotypic expressions and clinical manifestations of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Supplements: J Eur Soc Cardiol. 2025;27(Suppl 3):iii143.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bacigalupi E, Merlo M, Barbati G, Villatore A, Molinari L, Dal Ferro M, Paldino A, Radesich C, Bassetto G, Manzi L, Di Resta C, Perotto M, Pio Loco detto Gava, Sala C, Esposito S et al. A,. Predictors of Disease Progression in Patients with Left Ventricular Non-Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2025;S0828-282X(25)01573–9.

Peretto G, Merlo M, Ambrosi A, Bacigalupi E, Villatore A, Molinari L, Anguera I, Claver E, Dal Ferro M, Suwalski P, Spartalis M, Verdonschot J, Ciabatti M, Martini N, Zampieri M et al. Major arrhythmias in non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy: a novel prediction score. Eur Heart J. 2026;47(1):94–106.

Castrichini M, De Luca A, De Angelis G, Neves R, Paldino A, Dal Ferro M, Barbati G, Medo K, Barison A, Grigoratos C, Gigli M, Stolfo D, Brun F, Groves DW, Quaife R, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization and Clinical Outcomes of Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(19):1841–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, Adler Y, Anastasakis A, Böhm M, Duboc D, Gimeno J, De Groote P, Imazio M, Heymans S, Klingel K, Komajda M, Limongelli G, Linhart A, et al. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(23):1850–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mistrulli R, Ferrera A, Salerno L, Vannini F, Guida L, Corradetti S, Addeo L, Valcher S, Di Gioia G, Spera FR, Tocci G, Barbato E. Cardiomyopathy and Sudden Cardiac Death: Bridging Clinical Practice with Cutting-Edge Research. Biomedicines. 2024;12(7):1602.

Doumas A, Draper TS, Schick EC, Gaasch WH. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of nondilated cardiomyopathy and the effect of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(6):884–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mombeini H, Parsaee M, Amin A. Speckle tracking echocardiography in hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with dilated cardiomyopathy. ESC heart Fail. 2020;7(4):1909–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krittayaphong R, Songsangjinda T, Kaolawanich Y, Jirataiporn K, Yindeengam A. Prevalence and prognosis of non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy in patients referred for cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Radiol. 2025 Oct 28:1–3.

Guo X, Li Z, Guo L, Yu S, Li T, Zheng L, Pan G, Yang J, Sun Y, Hui R, Pletcher MJ. Prevalence of hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy in a large general Chinese population. Int J Cardiol. 2016;223:708–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polovina M, Tschöpe C, Rosano G, Metra M, Crea F, Mullens W, Bauersachs J, Sliwa K, de Boer RA, Farmakis D, Thum T, Corrado D, Bayes-Genis A, Bozkurt B, Filippatos G, et al. Incidence, risk assessment and prevention of sudden cardiac death in cardiomyopathies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(12):2144–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panda S, Sharma SK, Panda M. Clinical dimensions of hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy in terms of severity and hospital outcome. Int J Res Med Sci. 2022;10(12):2776–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gigli M, Stolfo D, Merlo M, Barbati G, Ramani F, Brun F, Pinamonti B, Sinagra G. Insights into mildly dilated cardiomyopathy: temporal evolution and long-term prognosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(4):531–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eda Y, Nabeta T, Iikura S, Takigami Y, Fujita T, Iida Y, Ikeda Y, Ishii S, Ako J. Non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy vs. dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical background and outcomes. ESC heart Fail. 2024;11(3):1463–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peretto G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, Palmisano A, Busnardo E, Sartorelli S, Barzaghi F, Cicalese MP, Esposito A, Sala S. Telemedicine in myocarditis: Evolution of a mutidisciplinary disease unit at the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Am Heart J. 2020;229:121–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peretto G, Villatore A, Bosco L, Porro P, Strano CMM, Sorrenti B, Sista A, Ceres P, Mocetti C, Cecere A, Cione G, Carrera P, Esposito A, Della Bella P, Previtali SC et al. Multidisciplinary Screening of a Novel Founder LMNA Mutation Associated With Cardiomyopathy in a Geographic Isolate. JACC: Heart Fail. 2025;13(9):102567.

Lang RM, Badano LP, Victor MA, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Retzschel ER, Rudski L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiography: official publication Am Soc Echocardiography. 2015;28(1):1–e3914.

Article  Google Scholar 

Potter E, Marwick TH. Assessment of Left Ventricular Function by Echocardiography: The Case for Routinely Adding Global Longitudinal Strain to Ejection Fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(2 Pt 1):260–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haugaa KH, Hasselberg NE, Edvardsen T. Mechanical dispersion by strain echocardiography: A predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in subjects with lamin A/C mutations. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(1):104–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutman SJ, Kawakami H, Taylor AJ, Marwick TH. The Relationship Between Mechanical Dispersion and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(12):2687–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Kramer CM, Carbone I, Sechtem U, Kindermann I, Gutberlet M, Cooper LT, Liu P, Friedrich MG. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(24):3158–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Franco A, Ruggieri R, Pieroni M, Ciabatti M, Zocchi C, Biagioni G, Tavanti V, Del Pace S, Leone O, Favale S, Guaricci AI, Udelson J, Olivotto I. Atlas of Regional Left Ventricular Scar in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathies: Substrates and Etiologies. JACC: Adv. 2024;3(10):101214.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peretto G, Sala S, Lazzeroni D, Palmisano A, Gigli L, Esposito A, De Cobelli F, Camici PG, Mazzone P, Basso C. Della Bella P. Septal Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Arrhythmic Risk in Genetic and Acquired Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathies. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(9):1356–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filomena D, Vandenberk B, Dresselaers T, Willems R, Masci PG, Robyns T, Bogaert J. Cardiac diagnoses and long-term outcomes in ring-like late gadolinium enhancement evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;26(5):841–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muser D, Nucifora G, Pieroni M, Castro SA, Casado Arroyo R, Maeda S, Benhayon DA, Liuba I, Sadek M, Magnani S, Enriquez A, Liang JJ, Sassone B, Desjardins B, Dixit S, et al. Prognostic Value of Nonischemic Ringlike Left Ventricular Scar in Patients With Apparently Idiopathic Nonsustained Ventricular Arrhythmias. Circulation. 2021;143(14):1359–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leo I, Dellegrottaglie S, Scatteia A, Torella D, Abete R, Aquaro GD, Baggiano A, Barison A, Bogaert J, Calo’ L, Camastra G, Carigi S, Carrabba N, Casavecchia G, Censi S, et al. CarDiac magnEtic Resonance for prophylactic Implantable cardioVerter defibrillAtor ThErapy in Non-Dilated Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: a sub-study from the DERIVATE registry. Eur heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;26(7):1233–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gueli IA, Aimo A, Alderotti B, Trimarchi G, Bellisario I, Todiere G, Grigoratos C, De Gori C, Clemente A, Fabiani I, Botto N, Vittorini S, Panichella G, Vergaro G, Giannoni A et al. Arrhythmic risk prediction in non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy: The role of overlap with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2025;431:133224.

Corrado D, Thiene G, Bauce B, Calore C, Cipriani A, De Lazzari M, Migliore F, Perazzolo Marra M, Pilichou K, Rigato I, Rizzo S, Zorzi A, Basso C. The Padua classification of cardiomyopathies: Combining pathobiological basis and morpho-functional remodeling. Int J Cardiol. 2025;418:132571.

Ma X, Tang Y, Chen X, Yang S, Wang J, Yang K, Dong Z, Wei Z, Jia X, Liu Y, Zhou P, Zhao K, Song Y, Lu M, Chen X, et al. Feature Tracking–Derived Global Longitudinal Strain Enhances Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2026;19(1):33–45.

Romano S, Judd RM, Kim RJ, Kim HW, Klem I, Heitner JF, Shah DJ, Jue J, White BE, Indorkar R, Shenoy C, Farzaneh-Far A. Feature-Tracking Global Longitudinal Strain Predicts Death in a Multicenter Population of Patients With Ischemic and Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Incremental to Ejection Fraction and Late Gadolinium Enhancement. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(10):1419–29.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Palmisano A, Vignale D, Benedetti G, Del Maschio A, De Cobelli F, Esposito A. Late iodine enhancement cardiac computed tomography for detection of myocardial scars: impact of experience in the clinical practice. Radiol Med. 2020;125(2):128–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gatti M, De Filippo O, Cura Curà G, Dusi V, Di Vita U, Gallone G, Morena A, Palmisano A, Pasinato E, Solano A, De Ferrari GM, Esposito A, Fonio P, Faletti R, D’Ascenzo F. Diagnostic accuracy of late iodine enhancement on cardiac CT for myocardial tissue characterization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2025;35(6):3054–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmisano A, Vignale D, Tadic M, Moroni F, De Stefano D, Gatti M, Boccia E, Faletti R, Oppizzi M, Peretto G, Slavich M, Sala S, Montorfano M, Agricola E, Margonato A, et al. Myocardial Late Contrast Enhancement CT in Troponin-Positive Acute Chest Pain Syndrome. Radiology. 2022;302(3):545–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharma R, Kouranos V, Cooper LT, Metra M, Ristic A, Heidecker B, Baksi J, Wicks E, Merino JL, Klingel K, Imazio M, de Chillou C, Tschöpe C, Kuchynka P, Petersen SE et al. Management of cardiac sarcoidosis: A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, the ESC Working Group on Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases, and the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(30):2697–2726.

Blankstein R, Osborne M, Naya M, Waller A, Kim CK, Murthy VL, Kazemian P, Kwong RY, Tokuda M, Skali H, Padera R, Hainer J, Stevenson WG, Dorbala S, Di Carli MF. Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography Enhances Prognostic Assessments of Patients With Suspected Cardiac Sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(4):329–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmisano A, Vignale D, Peretto G, Busnardo E, Calcagno C, Campochiaro C, De Luca G, Sala S, Ferro P, Basso C, Del Maschio A, De Cobelli F, Esposito A. Hybrid FDG-PET/MR or FDG-PET/CT to Detect Disease Activity in Patients With Persisting Arrhythmias After Myocarditis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(1):288–292.

Peretto G, Busnardo E, Ferro P, Palmisano A, Vignale D, Esposito A, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, Sartorelli S, De Gaspari M, Rizzo S, Dagna L, Basso C, Gianolli L, Della Bella P, et al. Clinical Applications of FDG-PET Scan in Arrhythmic Myocarditis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(10):1771–80.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif