Tinnitus

Biswas, R. & Hall, D. A. Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for tinnitus. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. 51, 3–28 (2021).

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Biswas, R. et al. Tinnitus prevalence in Europe: a multi-country cross-sectional population study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 12, 100250 (2022).

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De Ridder, D. et al. Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal). Prog. Brain Res. 260, 1–25 (2021). This paper establishes internationally agreed theoretical and operational definitions that clearly distinguish ‘tinnitus’ from ‘tinnitus disorder’, enabling more consistent diagnosis, research design and comparison of results across studies.

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Elgoyhen, A. B., Langguth, B., De Ridder, D. & Vanneste, S. Tinnitus: perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 632–642 (2015).

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Langguth, B., Kreuzer, P. M., Kleinjung, T. & De Ridder, D. Tinnitus: causes and clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 12, 920–930 (2013). A landmark clinical review that synthesizes tinnitus causes, mechanisms and evidence-based management into a practical framework that has guided modern diagnosis and treatment.

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Jarach, C. M., Simoes, J. P., Schlee, W., Langguth, B. & Gallus, S. Urgent support is needed for more tinnitus research. J. Epidemiol. 35, 382–383 (2025).

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Biswas, R. et al. Low evidence for tinnitus risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 24, 81–94 (2023).

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Tan, C. M., Lecluyse, W., McFerran, D. & Meddis, R. Tinnitus and patterns of hearing loss. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 14, 275–282 (2013).

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Cederroth, C. R., Trpchevska, N. & Langguth, B. A new buzz for tinnitus-it’s in the genes! JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 146, 1025–1026 (2020).

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Chen, F., Zhao, F., Mahafza, N. & Lu, W. Detecting noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy by auditory brainstem response in tinnitus patients with normal hearing thresholds: a meta-analysis. Front. Neurosci. 15, 778197 (2021).

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Kacprzyk, A. et al. The impact of mobile phone use on tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bioelectromagnetics 42, 105–114 (2021).

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Lee, C. F. et al. Increased risk of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorder: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 273, 203–208 (2016).

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Stohler, N. A., Reinau, D., Jick, S. S., Bodmer, D. & Meier, C. R. A study on the epidemiology of tinnitus in the United Kingdom. Clin. Epidemiol. 11, 855–871 (2019).

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Levine, R. A., Nam, E. C., Oron, Y. & Melcher, J. R. Evidence for a tinnitus subgroup responsive to somatosensory based treatment modalities. Prog. Brain Res. 166, 195–207 (2007).

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Michiels, S. Somatosensory tinnitus: recent developments in diagnosis and treatment. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 24, 465–472 (2023). This is an important paper synthesizing the latest evidence on somatosensory tinnitus, highlighting how to identify it clinically and which targets are most promising for treatment.

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Lugo, A. et al. Relationship between headaches and tinnitus in a Swedish study. Sci. Rep. 10, 8494 (2020).

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