National Health Service (NHS). NHS falls. 2021. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/falls/. Accessed 31 Oct 2025.

Hartholt KA, van Beeck EF, Polinder S, et al. Societal consequences of falls in the older population: injuries, healthcare costs, and long-term reduced quality of life. J Trauma. 2011;71(3):748–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f6f5e5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(26):1701–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198812293192604.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens JA, Corso PS, Finkelstein EA, Miller TR. The costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults. Inj Prev. 2006;12(5):290–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2005.011015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guerriero F, Orlando V, Tari DU, et al. How healthy is community-dwelling elderly population? Results from Southern Italy. Transl Med. 2015;13(9):59–64.

Google Scholar 

Xu Q, Ou X, Li J. The risk of falls among the aging population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:902599. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.902.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mair A, Fernandez-Llimos F, Alonso A, et al. Polypharmacy management by 2030: a patient safety challenge, 2nd edn. SIMPATHY Consortium; 2017.

Kongkaew C, Hann M, Mandal J, et al. Risk factors for hospital admissions associated with adverse drug events. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(8):827–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1287.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fried TR, O’Leary J, Towle V, et al. Health outcomes associated with polypharmacy in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(12):2261–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13153.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Vries M, Seppala LJ, Daams JG, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Cardiovascular drugs. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):371.e1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.013.

Seppala LJ, Wermelink A, de Vries M, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Psychotropics. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):371.e11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.098.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seppala LJ, van de Glind EMM, Daams JG, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: III. Others. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):372.e1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.12.099.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Indikatorer för god Läkemedelsterapi hos Äldre. 2010. Available from: https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer/indikatorer-for-god-lakemedelsterapi-hos-aldre-2017-6-7/. Accessed 31 Oct 2025.

Suen J, Narayan S, Seppala LJ, et al. Features of successful medication review and deprescribing interventions for fall prevention in residential aged care facilities: an intervention component analysis of an updated systematic review. Age Ageing. 2025;54(8):afaf230. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaf230.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitchell A, Ogliari G, Burton JK, et al. Call to collaborate on data science for older people across Europe: an EuGMS Big Data Special Interest Group position paper. Eur Geriatr Med. 2025;16(5):1561–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01276-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Mahony D, O’Sullivan D, Byrne S, et al. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 2. Age Ageing. 2015;44:213–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu145.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Geriatrics Society. American Geriatrics Society 2015 updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:2227–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13702.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pazan F, Weiss C, Wehling M, FORTA Expert Panel Members. The EURO-FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) List Version 2: consensus validation of a clinical tool for improved pharmacotherapy in older adults. Drugs Aging. 2023;40(5):417–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-023-01024-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mann NK, Mathes T, Sönnichsen A, et al. Potentially inadequate medications in the elderly: PRISCUS 2.0. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023;120:3–10. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0377.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seppala LJ, Petrovic M, Ryg J, et al. STOPPFall (Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in older adults with high fall risk): a Delphi study by the EuGMS Task and Finish Group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs. Age Ageing. 2021;50(4):1189–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa249.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

STROBE. STROBE statement: checklist of items that should be included in reports of cohort studies. Available from: https://www.strobe-statement.org/. Accessed 31 Oct 2025.

National Institute of Statistics - ISTAT. Population and families database 2019. Available from: https://www.istat.it/en/data/databases/. Accessed 31 Oct 2025.

Galimberti F, Olmastroni E, Casula M, et al. Evaluation of factors associated with appropriate drug prescription and effectiveness of informative and educational interventions: the EDU.RE.DRUG Project. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:832169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.832169.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montagnani A, Gonnelli S. Antidiabetic therapy effects on bone metabolism and fracture risk. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(9):784–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12077.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poly TN, Islam MM, Yang HC, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30:103–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-018-4788-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lapumnuaypol K, Thongprayoon C, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Risk of fall in patients taking proton pump inhibitors: a meta-analysis. QJM. 2019;112(2):115–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcy245.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. Erratum in: Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(7):2045–7.

Al Rihani SB, Deodhar M, Darakjian LI, et al. Quantifying anticholinergic burden and sedative load in older adults with polypharmacy: a systematic review of risk scales and models. Drugs Aging. 2021;38(11):977–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-021-00895-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boustani M, Campbell N, Munger S, et al. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311–20. https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.4.3.311.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Linjakumpu T, Hartikainen S, Klaukka T, et al. A model to classify the sedative load of drugs. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(6):542–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.846.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casula M, Menditto E, Galimberti F, et al. A pragmatic controlled trial to improve the appropriate prescription of drugs in adult outpatients: design and rationale of the EDU.RE.DRUG study. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2020;21:e23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423620000249.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corrao G, Rea F, Di Martino M, et al. Developing and validating a novel multisource comorbidity score from administrative data: a large population-based cohort study from Italy. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):e019503. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019503.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Onder G, Bonassi S, Abbatecola AM, et al. High prevalence of poor quality drug prescribing in older individuals: a nationwide report from the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA). J Gerontol A. 2014;69(4):430–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt118.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eurostat. Population structure and ageing. 2025. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing. Accessed 8 May 2026.

Seppala LJ, van der Velde N, Masud T, et al. EuGMS Task and Finish Group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs (FRIDs): position on knowledge dissemination, management, and future research. Drugs Aging. 2019;36(4):299–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-018-0622-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castaldi S, Principi N, Carnevali D, et al. Correlation between fall risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) and fall events at a rehabilitation hospital. 2022;92(6):e2021397. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i6.11340.

Yang YK, Kor CT, Sun YW, et al. Associations between doses of fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs) and falls of hospitalized patients. Sci Rep. 2023;12(1):14380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41568-6.