Acuff, S. F., MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2018). Applying behavioral economic theory to problematic Internet use: An initial investigation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(7), 846–857. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000404

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Amlung, M., & MacKillop, J. (2015). Further evidence of close correspondence for alcohol demand decision making for hypothetical and incentivized rewards. Behavioural Processes, 113, 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2015.02.012

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banyai, F., Zsila, A., Kiraly, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLoS ONE, 12(1), Article e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Belisle, J., Stanley, C. R., & Dixon, M. R. (2017). The relationship between derived mutually entailed relations and the function of challenging behavior in children with autism: Comparing the PEAK-E-PA and the QABF. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.07.004

Article  Google Scholar 

Casale, S., Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Bocci Benucci, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2023). Has the prevalence of problematic social media use increased over the past seven years and since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic? A meta-analysis of the studies published since the development of the Bergen social media addiction scale. Addictive Behaviors, 147, Article 107838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107838

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021). Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 508595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.508595

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dowle, M., & Srinivasan, A. (2020). data.table: Extension of “data.frame” (Version 1.13.0) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=data.table

Eisenberger, R. (1992). Learned industriousness. Psychological Review, 99(2), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.248

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Griffiths, M. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359

Article  Google Scholar 

Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. In K. P. Rosenberg & L. C. Feder (Eds.), Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment (pp. 119–141). Academic.

Hanley, G. P., Iwata, B. A., & McCord, B. E. (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), 147–185. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-147

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340

Article  Google Scholar 

Hayashi, Y., Friedel, J. E., Foreman, A. M., & Wirth, O. (2019). A behavioral economic analysis of demand for texting while driving. The Psychological Record, 69(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-019-00341-w

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hursh, S. R. (1984). Behavioral economics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42(3), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1984.42-435

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hursh, S. R., Madden, G. J., Spiga, R., DeLeon, I. G., & Francisco, M. T. (2013). The translational utility of behavioral economics: The experimental analysis of consumption and choice. In G. J. Madden, W. V. Dube, T. D. Hackenberg, G. P. Hanley, & K. A. Lattal (Eds.), APA handbook of behavior analysis, Vol. 2: Translating principles into practice (pp. 191–224). American Psychological Association.

Hursh, S. R., & Roma, P. G. (2013). Behavioral economics and empirical public policy. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hursh, S. R., & Silberberg, A. (2008). Economic demand and essential value. Psychological Review, 115(1), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.1.186

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacobs, E. A., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Modeling drug consumption in the clinic using simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioid-dependent outpatients. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7(4), 412–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.412

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaplan, B. A., Franck, C. T., McKee, K., Gilroy, S. P., & Koffarnus, M. N. (2021). Applying mixed-effects modeling to behavioral economic demand: An introduction. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 44(2), 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00299-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Kaplan, B. A., Gilroy, S. P., Reed, D. D., Koffarnus, M. N., & Hursh, S. R. (2019). The R package beezdemand: Behavioral economic easy demand. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(1), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-00187-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., Van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koc, M., & Gulyagci, S. (2013). Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: The role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koffarnus, M. N., Franck, C. T., Stein, J. S., & Bickel, W. K. (2015). A modified exponential behavioral economic demand model to better describe consumption data. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000045

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kyonka, E. G. E., Garcia, S., Torres, E. C., & Naid, R. (2023). Behavioral functions associated with wanting to reduce internet use. Technology, Mind, and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000107

Article  Google Scholar 

Kyonka, E. G. E., Naidu, R., Torres, E., & Garcia, S. (2024). Internet consequences questionnaire: A pilot study. The Psychological Record, 74(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-024-00594-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (version 1.5.2–1) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans

MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2007). A behavioral economic measure of demand for alcohol predicts brief intervention outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(2–3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malkin, A., Rzeszutek, M. J., Moscovitz, A., Axenova, K., Walker, E., Randhawa, A., & Gunnarsson, K. F. (2026). A functional approach to social media assessment: Initial psychometric evaluation of the social media use functional assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 59(2), e70062. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.70062

Padfield, D., & Matheson, G. (2020). nls.multstart: Robust non-linear regression using AIC scores (version 1.2.0) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nls.multstart

Pew Research Center. (2021, April 7). Social media fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/

Pew Research Center. (2024, January 31). How Americans use social media. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/01/31/americans-social-media-use/

Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., & Sarkar, D. (2021). Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models (version 3.1–152) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

Article  Google Scholar 

Qualtrics (n.d.). Fraud Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2025, from https://www.qualtrics.com/support/survey-platform/survey-module/survey-checker/fraud-detection/

R Core Team. (2023). R: A language for statistical computing (version 4.3.2) [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Google Scholar 

Reed, D. D., Niileksela, C. R., & Kaplan, B. A. (2013). Behavioral economics. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 6(1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391790

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reed, D. D., Strickland, J. C., Gelino, B. W., Hursh, S. R., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Kaplan, B. A., & Amlung, M. (2022). Applied behavioral economics and public health policies: Historical precedence and translational promise. Behavioural Processes, 198, Article 104640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104640

Article