Peterson NT, Vezina CM. Male Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: An Underrepresented Endpoint in Toxicology Research. Toxics MDPI. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020089.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, De Groat WC. The neural control of micturition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;453–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2401.

Tai C, Roppolo JR, De Groat WC. Spinal reflex control of micturition after spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2006.

Kim TH, Han DH, Ryu DS, Lee KS. The impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life, work productivity, depressive symptoms, and sexuality in korean men aged 40 years and older: A population-based survey. Int Neurourol J. 2015;19(2):120–9. https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.120.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cicchella A. Development of the biomechanical technologies for the modeling of major segments of the human body: Linking the past with the present. Biology. 2020. pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9110399. MDPI AG.

Oñate E, Bellomo FJ, Monteiro V, Oller S, Nallim LG. Characterization of mechanical properties of biological tissue: Application to the FEM analysis of the urinary bladder. Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials. Wiley; 2013. pp. 283–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118402955.ch15.

Verstraeten M, Bou Kheir G, Vande Perre L, Raffoul R, Chavez Cerda J, Delchambre A, et al. Urinary bladder phantom mimicking mechanical properties and pressure during filling. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2023;9(5). https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ace449.

Zhang B, Liu S, Liu Y, Wu B, Zhang X, Wang X, et al. Novel CFD modeling approaches to assessing urine flow in prostatic urethra after transurethral surgery. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79505-6.

Wang F, Cao Z, Zhai L, Zhang J, Kong H, Lin W, et al. Biomechanical study of the male lower urinary tract: Simulation of internal and external sphincters dyssynergia. J Biomech. 2023;149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111475.

Chen HS, Liu X, Zhang ZC, Ye ZH, Lin T, He DW, et al. Computational fluid dynamics modeling approaches to assess lower urinary tract hydraulic dynamics in posterior urethral valve before and after endoscopic valve ablation: a pilot study. World J Urol. 2022;40(2):505–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03875-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fontanella CG, Carniel EL. Computational Tools for the Investigation of the Male Lower Urinary Tract Functionality in Health and Disease. J Med Biol Eng. 2021;41(2):203–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-021-00599-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zheng S, Amado P, Obrist D, Burkhard F, Clavica F. An in vitro bladder model with physiological dynamics: Vesicoureteral reflux alters stent encrustation pattern. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1028325.

Joller D, Mushkolaj S, Ratia-Garcia J, Marti F, Bachmann A, Müller B. Minipig urethra: A suitable animal model in vitro. Technol Health Care. 2012;20(4):329–36. https://doi.org/10.3233/THC-2012-0675.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Liu P, Zhao S, Wang F, Li X, Wang L, et al. Dynamic simulation and analysis of the influence of urethral morphological changes on urodynamics after benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery: A computational fluid dynamics study. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2024;243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107915.

Seydewitz R, Menzel R, Siebert T, Böl M. Three-dimensional mechano-electrochemical model for smooth muscle contraction of the urinary bladder. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;75:128–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.034.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hennig G, Saxena P, Broemer E, Herrera GM, Roccabianca S, Tykocki NR. Quantifying whole bladder biomechanics using the novel pentaplanar reflected image macroscopy system. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2023;22(5):1685–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-023-01727-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lv T, Zhong S, Guo X. Establishment of an overactive bladder model in mice. BMC Urol. 2023;23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-023-01181-1.

Speich JE, Quintero K, Dosier C, Borgsmiller L, Koo HP, Ratz PH, et al. A mechanical model for adjustable passive stiffness in rabbit detrusor. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101:1189–98. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00396.2006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ateşçi YZ, Aydoǧdu Ö, Karaköse A, Pekedis M, Karal Ö, Şentürk U. Does urinary bladder shape affect urinary flow rate in men with lower urinary tract symptoms? Sci World J. 2014;2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/846856.

Aponte PM, Gutierrez-Reinoso MA, Garcia-Herreros M. Bridging the Gap: Animal Models in Next-Generation Reproductive Technologies for Male Fertility Preservation. Life. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14010017.

Damaser MS, Valentini FA, Clavica F, Giarenis I. Is the time right for a new initiative in mathematical modeling of the lower urinary tract? ICI-RS 2023. Neurourology and Urodynamics. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2024. pp. 1303–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.25362.

Jaskowak D, Nunez R, Ramachandran R, Alhajjar E, Yin J, Guidoboni G, et al. Mathematical modeling of the lower urinary tract: A review. Neurourology and Urodynamics. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2022. pp. 1305–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24995.

Roccabianca S, Bush TR. Understanding the mechanics of the bladder through experiments and theoretical models: Where we started and where we are heading. Technol (Singap World Sci). 2016;04(01):30–41. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2339547816400082.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xiong GB, Xie SH, Liu AB. In vitro dynamic bladder models for studying urinary tract infections: a narrative review. Annals of palliative medicine. NLM (Medline); 2021. pp. 4830–9. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-2061.

Shen JD, Chen SJ, Chen HY, Chiu KY, Chen YH, Chen WC, et al. Review of Animal Models to Study Urinary Bladder Function. Biology (Basel). 2021;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology.

Zheng S, Carugo D, Mosayyebi A, Turney B, Burkhard F, Lange D, et al. Fluid mechanical modeling of the upper urinary tract. WIREs Mech Disease. 2021;13(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.1523.

Richmond J. Refinement, reduction, and replacement of animal use for regulatory testing: Future improvements and implementation within the regulatory framework. ILAR J. 2002;43 :S63–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.43.suppl_1.s63

Tak S, Han G, Leem SH, Lee SY, Paek K, Kim JA. Prediction of anticancer drug resistance using a 3D microfluidic bladder cancer model combined with convolutional neural network-based image analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1302983.

Sharma K, Dhar N, Thacker VV, Simonet TM, Signorino-Gelo F, Knott G, et al. Dynamic persistence of intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic escherichia coli in a human bladder-chip model of urinary tract infections. Elife. 2021;10;e66481. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66481

Paduthol G, Nikolaev M, Sharma K, Blanc J, Tomasek K, Schlunke LIE, et al. A microphysiological human mini-bladder reveals urine-urothelium interplay in tissue resilience and UPEC recurrence in urinary tract infections. Nat Commun. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68573-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Minoli M, Cantore T, Hanhart D, Kiener M, Fedrizzi T, La Manna F, et al. Bladder cancer organoids as a functional system to model different disease stages and therapy response. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37696-2.

Vargas-Cruz N, Rosenblatt J, Reitzel RA, Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Raad I. Pilot Ex vivo and in vitro evaluation of a novel foley catheter with antimicrobial periurethral irrigation for prevention of extraluminal biofilm colonization leading to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2869039.

Jahren SE, Obrist D, Haenggi M, Burkhard F, Clavica F. Can cardiac pressure-volume catheters improve urodynamic assessment? an ex-vivo proof-of-concept. Front Urol. 2023;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fruro.2023.1258649.

Choi E, Waldbillig F, Jeong M, Li D, Goyal R, Weber P, et al. Soft Urinary Bladder Phantom for Endoscopic Training. Ann Biomed Eng. 2021;49(9):2412–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02793-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mazzucco G, Pirini P, Fontanella CG, Berardo A, Mascolini MV, Toniolo I, et al. In silico tools for mechanical analysis of extra- and intra-luminal artificial urinary sphincters. BJUI Compass. 2025;6(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/bco2.473.

Chen ZW, Joli P, Feng ZQ, Rahim M, Pirró N, Bellemare ME. Female patient-specific finite element modeling of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). J Biomech. 2015;48(2):238–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Idzenga T, Pel JJM, Van Mastrigt R. A biophysical model of the male urethra: Comparing viscoelastic properties of polyvinyl alcohol urethras to male pig urethras. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(5):451–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20282.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tziannaros M, Glavin SE, Smith FT. Three-dimensional effects in the lower urinary tract. IMA J Appl Math (Institute Math Its Applications). 2013;78(4):729–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxt019.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cunnane EM, Davis NF, Cunnane CV, Lorentz KL, Ryan AJ, Hess J, et al. Mechanical, compositional and morphological characterisation of the human male urethra for the development of a biomimetic tissue engineered urethral scaffold. Biomaterials. 2021;269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120651.

Gammie A, Clavica F, Gray T, Hassani FA, Solomon E, Song QX, et al. How can urodynamic innovations be better integrated into the clinical pathway? ICI-RS 2025. Neurourology and Urodynamics. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.70176.

Amado P, Fuster DG, Bargagli M, Obrist D, Burkhard F, Roth B, et al. Identifying recurrent stone formers with machine learning: A single-centre observational study. BJUI Compass. 2026;7(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/bco2.70176.

Werneburg GT, Werneburg EA, Goldman HB, Mullhaupt AP, Vasavada SP. Machine learning provides an accurate prognostication model for refractory overactive bladder treatment response and is noninferior to human experts. Neurourol Urodyn. 2022;41(3):813–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24881.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang HHS, Cahill D, Panagides J, Nelson CP, Wu HT, Estrada C. Pattern recognition algorithm to identify detrusor overactivity on urodynamics. Neurourol Urodyn. 2021;40(1):428–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24578.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guibert EE, Petrenko AY, Balaban CL, Somov AY, Rodriguez JV, Fuller BJ. Organ preservation: Current concepts and new strategies for the next decade. Transfus Med Hemotherapy. 2011;125–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327033.

Dahms SE, Piechota HJ, Dahiya R, Lue TF, Tanagho EA. Composition and biomechanical properties of the bladder acellular matrix graft: Comparative analysis in rat, pig and human. Br J Urol. 1998;82(3):411–9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chantereau P, Brieu M, Kammal M, Farthmann J, Gabriel B, Cosson M. Mechanical properties of pelvic soft tissue of young women and impact of aging. Int Urogynecol J. 2014;25(11):1547–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-014-2439-1 . PubMed PMID: 25007897.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stromberga Z, Chess-Williams R, Moro C. The five primary prostaglandins stimulate contractions and phasic activity of the urinary bladder urothelium, lamina propria and detrusor. BMC Urol. 2020;20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00619-0.

Parekh A, Cigan AD, Wognum S, Heise RL, Chancellor MB, Sacks MS. Ex vivo deformations of the urinary bladder wall during whole bladder filling: Contributions of extracellular matrix and smooth muscle. J Biomech. 2010;43(9):1708–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.034.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsumoto S, Chichester P, Bratslavsky G, Kogan BA, Levin RM, The functional and, structural response to, distention of the rabbit whole bladder in vitro. J Urol ®. 2002;168:2677–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000031092.06002.62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jokandan MS, Ajalloueian F, Edinger M, Stubbe PR, Baldursdottir S, Chronakis IS. Bladder wall biomechanics: A comprehensive study on fresh porcine urinary bladder. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;79:92–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gillespie JI, Harvey IJ, Drake MJ. Agonist- and nerve-induced phasic activity in the isolated whole bladder of the guinea pig: Evidence for two types of bladder activity. Exp Physiol. 2003;88(3):343–57. https://doi.org/10.1113/eph8802536.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parsons BA, Drake MJ, Gammie A, Fry CH, Vahabi B. The validation of a functional, isolated pig bladder model for physiological experimentation. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00052.

Korossis S, Bolland F, Southgate J, Ingham E, Fisher J. Regional biomechanical and histological characterisation of the passive porcine urinary bladder: Implications for augmentation and tissue engineering strategies. Biomaterials. 2009;30(2):266–75. https://doi.org