Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2015) Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 29:1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115609019
Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R (2018) Hallucinations Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 3:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0052
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barrett FS, Doss MK, Sepeda ND, Pekar JJ, Griffiths RR (2020) Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin. Sci Rep 10:2214. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S, Baron T, Forcehimes AA, Laska E, Mennenga SE, O’Donnell K, Owens LT, Podrebarac S, Rotrosen J, Tonigan JS, Worth L (2022) Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 79:953–962. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Butler M, Jelen L, Rucker J (2022) Expectancy in placebo-controlled trials of psychedelics: if so, so what? Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 239:3047–3055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06221-6
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR (2018) Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences. Psychopharmacol (Berl 235:521–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4
Davis AK, DellaCrosse MA, Sepeda ND, Levin AW, Cosimano M, Shaub H, Washington T, Gooch PM, Gilead S, Gaughan SJ, Armstrong SB, Barrett FS (2025) Five-year outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for Major Depressive Disorder. J Psychedelic Stud 9:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2025.00461
Earleywine M, Ueno LF, Mian MN, Altman BR (2021) Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness. J Psychopharmacol 35:841–847. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121997099
Erritzoe D, Barba T, Benway T, Joel Z, Good M, Layzell M, Jones MB, Campbell G, Murphy-Beiner A, Rands P, Boyce M, Topping H, Weiss B, Timmermann C, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Routledge C, James E (2026) A short-acting psychedelic intervention for major depressive disorder: a phase IIa randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med 32:591–598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04154-z
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Farmer S, Slavin MN, Loflin MJE, Luba R, Earleywine M (2019) Aversiveness and Meaningfulness of Uncomfortable Experiences with Edible Cannabis. J Psychoact Drugs 51:413–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371
Ferrara MS (2021) Peak-experience and the entheogenic use of cannabis in world religions. J Psychedelic Stud 4:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00122
Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW (2014) Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 7:157–164. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107121331
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Arden PC, Baker A, Bennett JC, Bird C, Blom RE, Brennan C, Brusch D, Burke L, Campbell-Coker K, Carhart-Harris R, Cattell J, Daniel A, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Eisen K, Feifel D, Forbes M, Haumann HM, Hellerstein DJ, Hoppe AI, Husain MI, Jelen LA, Kamphuis J, Kawasaki J, Kelly JR, Key RE, Kishon R, Peck K, Knight S, Koolen G, Lean MHB, Licht M, Maples-Keller RW, Mars JL, Marwood J, McElhiney L, Miller MC, Mirow TL, Mistry A, Mletzko-Crowe S, Modlin T, Nielsen LN, Nielson RE, Offerhaus EM, O’Keane SR, Páleníček V, Printz T, Rademaker D, van Reemst MC, Reinholdt A, Repantis F, Rucker D, Rudow J, Ruffell S, Rush S, Schoevers AJ, Seynaeve RA, Shao M, Soares S, Somers JC, Stansfield M, Sterling SC, Strockis D, Tsai A, Visser J, Wahba L, Williams M, Young S, Ywema AH, Zisook P, Malievskaia S (2022) E., Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression. N Engl J Med 387:1637–1648. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443
Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R (2006) Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 187, 268–283; discussion 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5
Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R (2011) Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology 218:649–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA (2016) Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 30:1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513
Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, Jesse R, MacLean KA, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA (2018) Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 32:49–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279
Grossman DH, Madden KM, Mehtani NJ, Anderson BT, Davis LL, Mitchell JM, Hendricks PS (2025) A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials. Nat Ment Health 3:567–574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00417-3
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Haft SL, Downey AE, Raymond-Flesch M, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Bradley ER, O’Donovan A, Woolley J (2025) A Systematic Review of Participant Diversity in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Trials. Psychiatry Res 345:116359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hartogsohn I (2016) Set and setting, psychedelics and the placebo response: An extra-pharmacological perspective on psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 30:1259–1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116677852
Hartogsohn I (2017) Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Sci Policy Law 3:2050324516683325. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325
Hendricks PS, Lappan SN, Shelton RC, Lahti AC, Cropsey KL, Johnson MW, Bradley M, Simonsson O, Davis LL, Grossman DH, Ortiz CE (2026) Psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 9:e2611029. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Holze F, Gasser P, Müller F, Strebel M, Liechti ME (2024) LSD-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety: open-label prospective 12-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 225:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2024.99
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R (2008) Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 22:603–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587
Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR (2014) Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 28:983–992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114548296
Johnson MW, Naudé GP, Hendricks PS, Garcia-Romeu A (2026) Psilocybin or nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 9:e260972. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Johnstad PG (2020) Cannabis as entheogen: survey and interview data on the spiritual use of cannabis. J Cannabis Res 2:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00032-2
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuc J, Kettner H, Rosas F, Erritzoe D, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL (2022) Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey. Psychopharmacol (Berl 239:1425–1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05999-1
Lerner AG, Goodman C, Rudinski D, Bleich A (2011) Benign and time-limited visual disturbances (flashbacks) in recent abstinent high-potency heavy cannabis smokers: a case series study. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 48:25–29
Maclean KA, Leoutsakos J-MS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2012) Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin. J Sci Study Relig 51:721–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x
Comments (0)