American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association

Bailen, N. H., Green, L. M., & Thompson, R. J. (2019). Understanding emotion in adolescents: A review of emotional frequency, intensity, instability, and clarity. Emotion Review, 11(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918768878

Article  Google Scholar 

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.

Bonnaire, C., & Phan, O. (2017). Relationships between parental attitudes, family functioning and Internet gaming disorder in adolescents attending school. Psychiatry Research, 255, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.030

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J. M., Ritzen, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement. Educational Research Review, 24, 10–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Bowlby, J. (2008). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.

Google Scholar 

Bully, P., Jaureguizar, J., Bernaras, E., & Redondo, I. (2019). Relationship between parental socialization, emotional symptoms, and academic performance during adolescence: The influence of parents’ and teenagers’ gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), Article 2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122231

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bussone, S., Trentini, C., Tambelli, R., & Carola, V. (2020). Early-life interpersonal and affective risk factors for pathological gaming. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00423

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao, Z., Cham, H., Stiver, J., & Rivera Mindt, M. (2023). Effect size measure for mediation analysis with a multicategorical predictor. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101440

Cash, K. (2020). How supportive and maladaptive parental responses toward adolescent emotions may affect adolescent depressive symptoms. Family Perspectives, 1(1), 13. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/familyperspectives/vol1/iss1/13

Chen, I.-H., Lee, Z.-H., Dong, X.-Y., Gamble, J. H., & Feng, H.-W. (2020). The influence of parenting style and time management tendency on internet gaming disorder among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), Article 9120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239120

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng, Y., Jiang, S., & Chen, J. (2024). Academic expectation stress and online gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of stress mindset. Children and Youth Services Review, 158, Article 107492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107492

Article  Google Scholar 

China Observer. (2025). Why Chinese students are so hardworking.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.) (Erlbaum).

Coşa, I. M., Dobrean, A., Georgescu, R. D., & Păsărelu, C. R. (2022). Parental behaviors associated with internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A quantitative meta-analysis. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04018-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Curran, P. G. (2016). Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.006

Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 416–436). Sage Publications.

Ding, R., Wu, N., Tang, S., Liu, T., Li, W., & Ni, S. (2022). Relations between parental response to children’s negative emotions and suicidal ideation in chinese adolescents: Internalizing problems, emotion regulation, and perceived relationship quality with parents as mediators. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.043

Ding, R., He, W., Liu, T., Yang, Y., Qiu, F., & Wang, Q. (2023). Unpacking maternal minimization responses to children’s negative emotions: “Person-oriented” versus “emotion-oriented.” Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001324

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding, R., Liu, J., Luo, Y., & He, W. (2023). Development and validation of a scale assessing parental varied responses to Chinese adolescents’ negative emotions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(12), 2823–2848. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23586

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dou, K., Feng, X.-K., Wang, L.-X., & Li, J.-B. (2022). Longitudinal association between parental involvement and internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: Consideration of future consequences as a mediator and peer victimization as a moderator. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(3), 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00056

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.086

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children’s emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3–4), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n03_05

Article  Google Scholar 

Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P., Taborga, M. P., & Taylor, A. B. (2009). R 2 effect-size measures for mediation analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 486–498. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.486

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fam, J. Y. (2018). Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(5), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12459

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults. Addiction, 108(3), 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu, Y. (2024). The impact of Gaokao high-stakes testing on student mental health in China: An analysis of stress levels and coping mechanisms among senior high school students. Research and Advances in Education, 3(5), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2024.05.03

Article  Google Scholar 

Fumero, A., Marrero, R. J., Bethencourt, J. M., & Peñate, W. (2020). Risk factors of internet gaming disorder symptoms in Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, Article 106416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106416

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao, Y.-X., Wang, J.-Y., & Dong, G.-H. (2022). The prevalence and possible risk factors of internet gaming disorder among adolescents and young adults: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 154, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gardner, W., Murphy, J. M., Childs, G., Kelleher, K., Pagano, M. E., Jellinek, M. S., McInerny, T., Wasserman, M., Nutting, P., & Chiappetta L. (1999). The PSC-17: A brief pediatric symptom checklist with psychosocial problem subscales. A report from PROS and ASPN. Ambulatory Child Health, 5, 225–236.

Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents’ involvement in children’s schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 65(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131378

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang, S., Ren, Q., Jiang, C., & Wang, L. (2021). Academic stress and depression of Chinese adolescents in junior high schools: Moderated mediation model of school burnout and self-esteem. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.085

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones, S., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2002). Parents’ reactions to elementary school children’s negative emotions: Relations to social and emotional functioning at school. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48(2), 133–159.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059

Article  Google Scholar 

King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). Features of parent-child relationships in adolescents with internet gaming disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(6), 1270–1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9699-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Király, O., Tóth, D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., & Maraz, A. (2017). Intense video gaming is not essentially problematic. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(7), 807–817. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000316

Article