Bernard SA, Chelminski PR, Ives TJ, Ranapurwala SI. Management of pain in the United States—a brief history and implications for the opioid epidemic. Health Serv Insights. 2018;11:117863291881944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632918819440.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spencer M, Miniño A, Warner M. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2001–2021.; 2022. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:122556

Ferreira ML, de Luca K, Haile LM, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(6):e316–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00098-X.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pritchard KT, Baillargeon J, Lee WC, Raji MA, Kuo YF. Trends in the use of opioids vs nonpharmacologic treatments in adults with pain, 2011–2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2240612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40612.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelley GA, D’Souza RS. Narrative reviews in anesthesia and pain medicine: guidelines for producers, reviewers and consumers. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Published online June 20, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2024-105661

Murad MH, Asi N, Alsawas M, Alahdab F. New evidence pyramid. Evidence Based Medicine. 2016;21(4):125–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2016-110401.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

St. John Smith E. Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain. J Neurol. 2018;265(2):231–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8641-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boezaart AP, Smith CR, Chembrovich S, et al. Visceral versus somatic pain: an educational review of anatomy and clinical implications. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(7):629–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-102084.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Förster M, Mahn F, Gockel U, et al. Axial low back pain: one painful area–many perceptions and mechanisms. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e68273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068273.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sayed D, Naidu RK, Patel KV, et al. Best practice guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of vertebrogenic pain with basivertebral nerve ablation from the american society of pain and neuroscience. J Pain Res. 2022;15:2801–19. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S378544.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abel F, Altorfer FCS, Rohatgi V, Gibbs W, Chazen JL. Imaging of discogenic and vertebrogenic pain. Radiol Clin North Am. 2024;62(2):217–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2023.10.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khalil JG, Smuck M, Koreckij T, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain. The Spine Journal. 2019;19(10):1620–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2019.05.598.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smuck M, Khalil J, Barrette K, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 12-month results. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(8):683–93. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-102259.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koreckij T, Kreiner S, Khalil JG, Smuck M, Markman J, Garfin S. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 24-Month treatment arm results. North Am Spine Soc J (NASSJ). 2021;8:100089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xnsj.2021.100089.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fischgrund JS, Rhyne A, Franke J, et al. Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(5):1146–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5496-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischgrund JS, Rhyne A, Franke J, et al. Intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 2-year results from a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multicenter study. Int J Spine Surg. 2019;13(2):110–9. https://doi.org/10.14444/6015.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fischgrund JS, Rhyne A, Macadaeg K, et al. Long-term outcomes following intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 5-year treatment arm results from a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(8):1925–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06448-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alsoof D, Anderson G, McDonald CL, Basques B, Kuris E, Daniels AH. Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Compression Fracture. Am J Med. 2022;135(7):815–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.02.035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirsch JA, Zini C, Anselmetti GC, et al. Vertebral augmentation: is it time to get past the pain? a consensus statement from the sardinia spine and stroke congress. Medicina (B Aires). 2022;58(10):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101431.

Article  Google Scholar 

Noriega D, Marcia S, Theumann N, et al. A prospective, international, randomized, noninferiority study comparing an implantable titanium vertebral augmentation device versus balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral compression fractures (SAKOS study). The Spine Journal. 2019;19(11):1782–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

England RW, Gong A, Li T, et al. Clinical outcomes and safety of the SpineJack vertebral augmentation system for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures in a United States patient population. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;89:237–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.04.031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanni D, Pantalone A, Bigossi F, Pineto F, Lucantoni D, Salini V. New perspective for third generation percutaneous vertebral augmentation procedures: Preliminary results at 12 months. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2012;3(2):47. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8237.116537.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Noriega D, Maestretti G, Renaud C, et al. Clinical performance and safety of 108 spinejack implantations: 1-year results of a prospective multicentre single-arm registry study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/173872.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mossa-Basha M, Gerszten PC, Myrehaug S, et al. Spinal metastasis: diagnosis, management and follow-up. Br J Radiol. 2019;92(1103):20190211. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190211.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Angileri SA, Granata G, Savoldi AP, et al. Cooled radiofrequency ablation technology for painful bone tumors. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(10-S):e2020007. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i10-S.10271.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levy J, Hopkins T, Morris J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the palliative treatment of bone metastases: outcomes from the multicenter osteocool tumor ablation post-market study (OPuS One Study) in 100 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020;31(11):1745–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2020.07.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levy J, David E, Hopkins T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation provides rapid and durable pain relief for the palliative treatment of lytic bone metastases independent of radiation therapy: final results from the osteocool tumor ablation post-market study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2023;46(5):600–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-023-03417-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freeman MD, Woodham MA, Woodham AW. The role of the lumbar multifidus in chronic low back pain: a review. PM&R. 2010;2(2):142–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cooley JR, Kjaer P, Jensen TS, Jacques A, Theroux J, Hebert JJ. Lumbar multifidus muscle morphology is associated with low back-related pain duration, disability, and leg pain: A cross-sectional study in secondary care. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(6):e0285993. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285993.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faur C, Patrascu JM, Haragus H, Anglitoiu B. Correlation between multifidus fatty atrophy and lumbar disc degeneration in low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2786-7.

Article