Haller S, Etienne L, Kövari E, Varoquaux AD, Urbach H, Becker M. Imaging of neurovascular compression syndromes: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, vestibular paroxysmia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37:1384–92. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4683.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parihar PH, Mishra GV, Shetty ND, Bora N, Bhagyasri N. Neurovascular compression syndromes: a pictorial essay. Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University. 2023;18:286–90. https://doi.org/10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_80_23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kobata H, Kondo A, Iwasaki K, Nishioka T. Combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome of the cranial nerves: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: 11-year experience and review. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(6):1351–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199812000-00052.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta T, Munawara R, Kaur M, Ram K, Rao A, Gupta S, et al. Central myelin–peripheral myelin junction in trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerve: a histo-morphometric study. Annals Anat - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2023;250:152128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152128.

Article  Google Scholar 

Loes Braun CTaRS. Trigeminal neuralgia. In: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and OLVG hospital in Amsterdam and the Alrijne hospital in Leiderdorp tN, editor 2022.

Anukoolwittaya P, Hiransuthikul A, Thanprasertsuk S, Phanthumchinda K. Combined four neurovascular compression syndromes: the first case report and literature review. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-023-00614-w.

Article  Google Scholar 

Elaini S, Magnan J, Deveze A, Girard N. Magnetic resonance imaging criteria in vascular compression syndrome. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2013;29:10–5. https://doi.org/10.7123/01.EJO.0000423132.45878.f4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nurminen P, Marjamaa J, Niemelä M, Sairanen T. Incidence and prevalence of hemifacial spasm in Finland’s largest hospital district. J Neurol Sci. 2023;446:120587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2023.120587.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu Y, Davidson AL, Pan T, Jankovic J. Asian over-representation among patients with hemifacial spasm compared to patients with cranial-cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2010;298:61–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi X, Zhang X, Xu L, Xu Z. Neurovascular compression syndrome: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, vestibular paroxysmia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, four case reports and review of literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2022;221:107401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107401.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang C, Yang L, Reichardt W, Zhang B, Li R. Different MRI-based methods for the diagnosis of neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;108:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.12.016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M, Baron R, Bennett M, Bouhassira D, et al. Neupsig guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain. 2011;152:14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elaini S, Magnan J, Deveze A. Endoscopic criteria of offending vessel in neurovascular compression syndrome. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2014;30:305–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/1012-5574.144960.

Article  Google Scholar 

Maarbjerg S, Di Stefano G, Bendtsen L, Cruccu G. Trigeminal neuralgia - diagnosis and treatment. Cephalalgia. 2017;37:648–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102416687280.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson DM, Blitzer A, Brashear A, Comella C, Dubinsky R, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Karp B, Ludlow CL, Miyasaki JM, Naumann M, So Y. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American academy of neurology. Neurology. 2008;70:1699–706. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000311389.26145.95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Yang L, Ni J, Dou Z. Microvascular decompression and radiofrequency for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2019;12:1937–45. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S203141.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013;33:629–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658

Maurya V, Sreedhar CM, Khera A, Bhatia M, Sharma V. Trigeminal neuralgia: when does neurovascular contact turn into a conflict? Med J Armed Forces India. 2019;75:134–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.11.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas KL, Vilensky JA. The anatomy of vascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Anat. 2014;27:89–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22157.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen GQ, Wang XS, Wang L, Zheng JP. Arterial compression of nerve is the primary cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurol Sci. 2014;35:61–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1518-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsunoda S, Inoue T, Segawa M, Akabane A. Vein-related trigeminal neuralgia: how to determine the treatment method of the causative vein: a technical note. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2022;62:105–9. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.tn.2021-0154.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basamh M, Sinning N, Kehler U. Individual variations of the superior petrosal vein complex and their microsurgical relevance in 50 cases of trigeminal microvascular decompression. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162:197–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-019-04109-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong W, Zheng X, Wu Z, Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhong J, Hua X, Li S. Clinical features and surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia caused solely by venous compression. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153:1037–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-011-0957-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulkarni A. Complex neurovascular syndromes: is the compressing vessel alone the culprit? J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2022;13:283–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1744125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Szmyd B, Sołek J, Błaszczyk M, Jankowski J, Liberski PP, Jaskólski DJ, et al. The underlying pathogenesis of neurovascular compression syndromes: a systematic review. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:923089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.923089.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cruccu G, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, Scholz J, Sindou M, Svensson P, Treede RD, Zakrzewska JM, Nurmikko T. Trigeminal neuralgia: new classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research. Neurology. 2016;87:220–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002840.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tai AX, Nayar VV. Update on trigeminal neuralgia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21:42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-019-0583-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allam AK, Sharma H, Larkin MB, Viswanathan A. Trigeminal neuralgia: diagnosis and treatment. Neurol Clin. 2023;41:107–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2022.09.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaudhry N, Srivastava A, Joshi L. Hemifacial spasm: the past, present and future. J Neurol Sci. 2015;356:27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park JH, Jo KI, Lee HS, Lee JA, Park K. Microvascular decompression for familial hemifacial spasm: single institute experience. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013;53:1–5. https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2013.53.1.1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Traylor KS, Sekula RF, Eubanks K, Muthiah N, Chang YF, Hughes MA. Prevalence and severity of neurovascular compression in hemifacial spasm patients. Brain. 2021;144:1482–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab030.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang A, Jankovic J. Hemifacial spasm: clinical findings and treatment. Muscle Nerve. 1998;21:1740–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199812)21:12%3C;1740::aid-mus17%3E;3.0.co;2-v.

Chopade TRLF, Bollu PC, Hemifacial Spasm. [Updated 2024 Jan 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: