Ostrom QT, Wright CH, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Brain metastases: epidemiology. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2024 Nov 14]. pp. 27–42. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128111611000025

Mazzola R, Corradini S, Gregucci F, Figlia V, Fiorentino A, Alongi F. Role of radiosurgery/stereotactic radiotherapy in oligometastatic disease: brain oligometastases. Front Oncol. 2019;9:206.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cagney DN, Martin AM, Catalano PJ, Redig AJ, Lin NU, Lee EQ, et al. Incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy: a population-based study. Neurooncology. 2017;19(11):1511–21.

Google Scholar 

Liu Q, Tong X, Wang J. Management of brain metastases: history and the present. Chin Neurosurg Jl. 2019;5(1):1.

Google Scholar 

Soffietti R, Rudā R, Mutani R. Management of brain metastases. J Neurol. 2002;249(10):1357–69.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suh JH, Kotecha R, Chao ST, Ahluwalia MS, Sahgal A, Chang EL. Current approaches to the management of brain metastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(5):279–99.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahajan A, Ahmed S, McAleer MF, Weinberg JS, Li J, Brown P, et al. Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery versus observation for completely resected brain metastases: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):1040–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Linskey ME, Andrews DW, Asher AL, Burri SH, Kondziolka D, Robinson PD, et al. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol. 2010;96(1):45–68.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan M, Lin J, Liao G, Li R, Wang B, Xie G, et al. Comparison of WBRT alone, SRS alone, and their combination in the treatment of one or more brain metastases: review and meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2017;39(7):101042831770290.

Google Scholar 

Patil CG, Pricola K, Sarmiento JM, Garg SK, Bryant A, Black KL. Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) alone versus WBRT and radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2017 Sep 25 [cited 2025 Jan 22];2020(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006121.pub4

Schiff D, Messersmith H, Brastianos PK, Brown PD, Burri S, Dunn IF, et al. Radiation therapy for brain metastases: ASCO guideline endorsement of ASTRO guideline. JCO. 2022;40(20):2271–6.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Vogelbaum MA, Brown PD, Messersmith H, Brastianos PK, Burri S, Cahill D, et al. Treatment for brain metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO guideline. JCO. 2022;40(5):492–516.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gagliardi F, De Domenico P, Snider S, Nizzola MG, Mortini P. Efficacy of neoadjuvant stereotactic radiotherapy in brain metastases from solid cancer: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):130.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmisciano P, Ferini G, Khan R, Bin-Alamer O, Umana GE, Yu K, et al. Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases: systematic review and Meta-Analysis of the literature and ongoing clinical trials. Cancers. 2022;14(17):4328.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Routman DM, Yan E, Vora S, Peterson J, Mahajan A, Chaichana KL, et al. Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Front Neurol. 2018;9:959.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Callaghan CM, Hasibuzzaman MM, Rodman SN, Goetz JE, Mapuskar KA, Petronek MS, et al. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy-Related wound morbidity in soft tissue sarcoma: perspectives for radioprotective agents. Cancers. 2020;12(8):2258.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dharnipragada R, Dusenbery K, Ferreira C, Sharma M, Chen CC. Preoperative versus postoperative radiosurgery of brain metastases: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 2023;S1878875023015371.

Rogers SA, Multicenter Prospective, Interventional. Randomized Trial of Preoperative Radiosurgery Compared With Postoperative Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Resectable Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2022 Sep [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT05124236. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05124236

Centre Jean Perrin. Phase II Study to Assess Preoperative Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy of Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Feb [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT04503772. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04503772

Straza MA, Pilot Study Analyzing Preoperative Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS). With Gamma Knife (GK) for Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Nov [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT04545814. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04545814

Agrawal NA, Phase. II Study Analyzing Pre-operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery Followed by Resection for Patients With 1–4 Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2022 Dec [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT03398694. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03398694

Network UH, Phase TA. II Study of Neoadjuvant Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT03368625. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03368625

Shiao SA. Phase 1 Dose Escalation Trial of Neoadjuvant Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Metastatic Brain Tumors [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT03163368. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03163368

Wilke C, Phase. II Study Determining the Efficacy of Pre-operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery Followed by Resection for Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 May [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT02514915. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02514915

Buchwald Z. Preoperative Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases Planned for Surgical Resection: A Two Arm Pilot Study [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 May [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT04895592. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04895592

Case Comprehensive Cancer Center. Neoadjuvant Radiosurgery for Resectable Brain Metastases: Phase I/II Study [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Aug [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT01891318. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01891318

Mayo Clinic. Pre-Operative vs. Post-Operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Operative Metastatic Brain Tumors [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Feb [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT03750227. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03750227

AHS Cancer Control Alberta. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pre-operative Versus Post-operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Patients With Surgically Resectable Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT04474925. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04474925

Anderson Cancer Center MD, Phase A III. Trial of Pre-Operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Versus Post-Operative SRS for Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Aug [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT03741673. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03741673

H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. Pre-operative Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Resectable Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 Oct [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT05267587. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05267587

Wegner RA, Phase. II Study of Pre-Operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery Followed by Surgical Resection for Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2022 Apr [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT05341739. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05341739

Debus J. Neoadjuvant vs. Intraoperative vs. Adjuvant Resection Cavity Radiotherapy of Brain Metastases - A Prospective Randomized Explorative Phase II Trial [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 May [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Report No.: NCT05871307. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05871307

Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Phase III, Randomized Trial Comparing Preoperative Hypofractionated Radiosurgery (HSRS). to Postoperative Hypofractionated Radiosurgery (HSRS) for Patients With Large Brain Metastases (= 2.1 cm) Suitable for Surgical Resection [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023 May [cited 2025 Jan 23]. Report No.: NCT05545007. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05545007

NRG Oncology, Randomized Phase A. III Trial of Pre-Operative Compared to Post-Operative Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Patients With Resectable Brain Metastases [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025 Jan [cited 2025 Jan 23]. Report No.: NCT05438212. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05438212

Murphy ES, Yang K, Suh JH, Yu JS, Stevens G, Angelov L, et al. Phase I trial of dose escalation for preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with large brain metastases. Neurooncology. 2024;26(9):1651–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Khan M, Arooj S, Li R, Tian Y, Zhang J, Lin J, et al. Tumor primary site and histology subtypes role in radiotherapeutic management of brain metastases. Front Oncol. 2020;10:781.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuremsky JG, Urbanic JJ, Petty WJ, Lovato JF, Bourland JD, Tatter SB, et al. Tumor histology predicts patterns of failure and survival in patients with brain metastases from lung cancer treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(4):641–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nussbaum ES, Djalilian HR, Cho KH, Hall WA. Brain metastases: histology, multiplicity, surgery, and survival. Cancer. 1996;78(8):1781–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sperduto PW, Shanley R, Luo X, Andrews D, Werner-Wasik M, Valicenti R, et al. Secondary analysis of RTOG 9508, a phase 3 randomized trial of Whole-Brain radiation therapy versus WBRT plus stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with 1–3 brain metastases; poststratified by the graded prognostic assessment (GPA). Int J Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2014;90(3):526–31.

Google Scholar 

Aoyama H, Tago M, Shirato H. Stereotactic radiosurgery with or without Whole-Brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: secondary analysis of the JROSG 99– 1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(4):457.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller JA, Kotecha R, Ahluwalia MS, Mohammadi AM, Suh JH, Barnett GH, et al. The impact of tumor biology on survival and response to radiation therapy among patients with non–small cell lung cancer brain metastases. Practical Radiation Oncol. 2017;7(4):e263–73.

Google Scholar 

Nepote A, Poletto S, Bertaglia V, Carnio S, Piumatti C, Lanzetta C, et al. Role of osimertinib plus brain radiotherapy versus osimertinib single therapy in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2025;205:104540.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wuu YR, Kokabee M, Gui B, Lee S, Stone J, Karten J, et al. Prioritizing radiation and targeted systemic therapies in patients with resected brain metastases from lung cancer primaries with targetable mutations: A report from a Multi-Site single institution. Cancers. 2024;16(19):3270.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chun SJ, Kim K, Kim YB, Paek SH, Lee KH, Song JH, et al. Risk of radionecrosis in HER2-positive breast cancer with brain metastasis receiving trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and brain stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiother Oncol. 2024;199:110461.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pikis S, Mantziaris G, Protopapa M, Tos SM, Kowalchuk RO, Ross RB, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from human epidermal receptor 2 positive breast cancer: an international, multi-center study. J Neurooncol. 2024;170(1):199–208.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hunter GK, Suh JH, Reuther AM, Vogelbaum MA, Barnett GH, Angelov L, et al. Treatment of five or more brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 2012;83(5):1394–8.

Google Scholar 

Chang WS, Kim HY, Chang JW, Park YG, Chang JH. Analysis of radiosurgical results in patients with brain metastases according to the number of brain lesions: is stereotactic radiosurgery effective for multiple brain metastases? Clinical Article. JNS. 2010;113(SpecialSupplement):73–8.

Google Scholar 

Joseph J, Adler JR, Cox RS, Hancock SL. Linear accelerator-based stereotaxic radiosurgery for brain metastases:the influence of number of lesions on survival. JCO. 1996;14(4):1085–92.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wijetunga AR, Jayamanne DT, Adams J, Back MF. Volumetric response of limited brain metastatic disease to focal hypofractionated radiation therapy. Brain Sci. 2021;11(11):1457.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Routman DM, Bian SX, Diao K, Liu JL, Yu C, Ye J, et al. The growing importance of lesion volume as a prognostic factor in patients with multiple brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Cancer Med. 2018;7(3):757–64.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kancharla P, Ivanov A, Chan S, Ashamalla H, Huang RY, Yanagihara TK. The effect of brain metastasis location on clinical outcomes: A review of the literature. Neuro-Oncology Adv. 2019;1(1):vdz017.

Google Scholar 

Udovicich C, Phillips C, Kok DL, Tange D, Plumridge NM, Prabhu RS, et al. Neoadjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery: a further evolution in the management of brain metastases. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019;21(8):73.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magnuson WJ, Lester-Coll NH, Wu AJ, Yang TJ, Lockney NA, Gerber NK, et al. Management of brain metastases in tyrosine kinase Inhibitor–Naïve epidermal growth factor Receptor–Mutant Non–Small-Cell lung cancer: A retrospective Multi-Institutional analysis. JCO. 2017;35(10):1070–7.