Jaafar AK, Techer R, Chemello K, Lambert G, Bourane S. PCSK9 and the nervous system: a no-brainer? J Lipid Res. 2023;64: 100426.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gielen S. PCSK9 deficiency: a double-edged sword? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24:1867–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Khoury P, Elbitar S, Ghaleb Y, Khalil YA, Varret M, Boileau C, Abifadel M. PCSK9 mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia: from a groundbreaking discovery to Anti-PCSK9 therapies. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017;19:49.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Awan Z, Baass A, Genest J. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): lessons learned from patients with hypercholesterolemia. Clin Chem. 2014;60:1380–9.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seidah NG, Garcon D. Expanding biology of PCSK9: roles in atherosclerosis and beyond. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022;24:821–30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bao X, Liang Y, Chang H, Cai T, Feng B, Gordon K, Zhu Y, Shi H, He Y, Xie L. Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:13.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dutka M, Zimmer K, Cwiertnia M, Ilczak T, Bobinski R. The role of PCSK9 in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases-mechanisms of action beyond its effect on LDL cholesterol. Heart Fail Rev. 2024;29:917–37.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grejtakova D, Boronova I, Bernasovska J, Bellosta S. PCSK9 and lipid metabolism: genetic variants, current therapies, and cardiovascular outcomes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-024-07599-5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu G, Yu X, Cui C, Li X, Wang T, Palade PT, Mehta JL, Wang X. The pleiotropic effects of PCSK9 in cardiovascular diseases beyond cholesterol metabolism. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2025;241: e14272.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abduljabbar MH. PCSK9 inhibitors: focus on evolocumab and its impact on atherosclerosis progression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121581.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferri N, Marodin G. Emerging oral therapeutic strategies for inhibiting PCSK9. Atheroscler Plus. 2025;59:25–31.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim HL, Cha JJ, Lee SH. Clinical practice guidelines committee KSoL, atherosclerosis: 2024 KSoLA update on new lipid-lowering agents: inclisiran and bempedoic acid. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2025;14:135–44.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siddiqui Z, Frishman W. New oral PCSK9 inhibitor: “MK-0616.” Cardiol Rev. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000655.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu F, Zhu X, Jiang X, Li S, Lv Y. Transcriptional control by HNF-1: Emerging evidence showing its role in lipid metabolism and lipid metabolism disorders. Genes Dis. 2022;9:1248–57.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dong B, Singh AB, Shende VR, Liu J. Hepatic HNF1 transcription factors control the induction of PCSK9 mediated by rosuvastatin in normolipidemic hamsters. Int J Mol Med. 2017;39:749–56.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jeong HJ, Lee HS, Kim KS, Kim YK, Yoon D, Park SW. Sterol-dependent regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 expression by sterol-regulatory element binding protein-2. J Lipid Res. 2008;49:399–409.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krysa JA, Ooi TC, Proctor SD, Vine DF. Nutritional and lipid modulation of PCSK9: effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. J Nutr. 2017;147:473–81.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Laufs U. Analysis of genes to predict the effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-inhibitors and statins. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113:e8–9.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Wang W, Xu M, Zhao Y, Zhao W, Gu D, Tan S. MiR-99a-5p up-regulates LDLR and functionally enhances LDL-C uptake via suppressing PCSK9 expression in human hepatocytes. Front Genet. 2024;15:1469094.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Duddu S, Katakia YT, Chakrabarti R, Sharma P, Shukla PC. New epigenome players in the regulation of PCSK9-H3K4me3 and H3K9ac alterations by statin in hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 2025;66: 100699.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cao A, Wu M, Li H, Liu J. Janus kinase activation by cytokine oncostatin M decreases PCSK9 expression in liver cells. J Lipid Res. 2011;52:518–30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xiao J, Bai XQ, Liao L, Zhou M, Peng J, Xiang Q, Ren Z, Wen HY, Jiang ZS, Tang ZH, et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits PCSK9 expression through the PI3K/Akt-SREBP-2 signaling pathway to influence lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Int J Mol Med. 2019;43:2055–63.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ruscica M, Ricci C, Macchi C, Magni P, Cristofani R, Liu J, Corsini A, Ferri N. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) induces proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression in hepatic HepG2 cell line. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:3508–19.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

An CY, Son MG, Chin YW. Acyclic triterpenoids from alpinia katsumadai seeds with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 expression and secretion inhibitory activity. ACS Omega. 2023;8:32804–16.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ataei S, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Berberine: Ins and outs of a nature-made PCSK9 inhibitor. EXCLI J. 2022;21:1099–110.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patti AM, Toth PP, Giglio RV, Banach M, Noto M, Nikolic D, Montalto G, Rizzo M. Nutraceuticals as an important part of combination therapy in dyslipidaemia. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23:2496–503.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giglio RV, Patti AM, Nikolic D, Li Volti G, Al-Rasadi K, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Montalto G, Ivanova E, Orekhov AN, Rizzo M. The effect of bergamot on dyslipidemia. Phytomedicine. 2016;23:1175–81.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Terzo S, Amato A, Magan-Fernandez A, Castellino G, Calvi P, Chianetta R, Giglio RV, Patti AM, Nikolic D, Firenze A, et al. A nutraceutical containing chlorogenic acid and luteolin improves cardiometabolic parameters in subjects with pre-obesity: a 6 month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020462.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coppinger C, Pomales B, Movahed MR, Marefat M, Hashemzadeh M. Berberine: a multi-target natural PCSK9 inhibitor with the potential to treat diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer and cardiovascular Disease. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2024;19:312–26.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, Lee J, Chung MY, Hong S, Park JH, Lee SH, Park SW, Choi HK, Hwang JT. Piceatannol reduces resistance to statins in hypercholesterolemia by reducing PCSK9 expression through p300 acetyltransferase inhibition. Pharmacol Res. 2020;161: 105205.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang D, Zhou Q, Yang X, Zhang Z, Wang D, Hu D, Huang Y, Sheng J, Wang X. Gallic acid can promote low-density lipoprotein uptake in HepG2 cells via increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor accumulation. Molecules. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091999.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmad P, Alvi SS, Waiz M, Khan MS, Ahmad S, Khan MS. Naturally occurring organosulfur compounds effectively inhibits PCSK-9 activity and restrict PCSK-9-LDL-receptor interaction via in-silico and in-vitro approach. Nat Prod Res. 2024;38:3924–33.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grewal T, Buechler C. Emerging insights on the diverse roles of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in chronic liver diseases: cholesterol metabolism and beyond. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031070.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maliglowka M, Kosowski M, Hachula M, Cyrnek M, Buldak L, Basiak M, Boldys A, Machnik G, Buldak RJ, Okopien B. Insight into the evolving role of PCSK9. Metabolites. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030256.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mbikay M, Chretien M. The biological relevance of PCSK9: when less is better. Biochem Cell Biol. 2022;100:189–98.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang P, Ran J, Zhu W, Dai W, Tang Y, Lian P, Huang X, Li R. PCSK9 dysregulates cholesterol homeostasis and triglyceride metabolism in olanzapine-induced hepatic steatosis via both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways. FASEB J. 2024;38: e23464.

PubMed  CAS