Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, et al. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(36):1001–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976–82.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet. 2021;397(10289):2082–97.
Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 1990–2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591–608.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D. The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(4):451–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Due Bruun K, Christensen R, Amris K, et al. Naltrexone 6 mg once daily versus placebo in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024;6(1):e31–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hatfield E, Phillips K, Swidan S, Ashman L. Use of low-dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain conditions: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2020;151(12):891-902 e1.
Olson JK, Miller SD. Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs. J Immunol. 2004;173(6):3916–24.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Maier SF. The “toll” of opioid-induced glial activation: improving the clinical efficacy of opioids by targeting glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009;30(11):581–91.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Del Valle L, Schwartzman RJ, Alexander G. Spinal cord histopathological alterations in a patient with longstanding complex regional pain syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23(1):85–91.
Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Brown K, et al. Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Eur J Neurosci. 2008;28(1):20–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brown N, Panksepp J. Low-dose naltrexone for disease prevention and quality of life. Med Hypotheses. 2009;72(3):333–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Greeley JD, Le AD, Poulos CX, Cappell H. “Paradoxical” analgesia induced by naloxone and naltrexone. Psychopharmacology. 1988;96(1):36–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smith JP, Stock H, Bingaman S, Mauger D, Rogosnitzky M, Zagon IS. Low-dose naltrexone therapy improves active Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(4):820–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Younger J, Noor N, McCue R, Mackey S. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: findings of a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial assessing daily pain levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):529–38.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Paula TMH, Castro MS, Medeiros LF, et al. Association of low-dose naltrexone and transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blinded, parallel clinical trial. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2023;73(4):409–17.
Beaudette-Zlatanova B, Lew RA, Otis JD, et al. Pilot study of low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of chronic pain due to arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled. Crossover Clinical Trial Clin Ther. 2023;45(5):468–77.
Dieckmann G, Ozmen MC, Cox SM, Engert RC, Hamrah P. Low-dose naltrexone is effective and well-tolerated for modulating symptoms in patients with neuropathic corneal pain. Ocul Surf. 2021;20:33–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Srinivasan A, Dutta P, Bansal D, Chakrabarti A, Bhansali AK, Hota D. Efficacy and safety of low-dose naltrexone in painful diabetic neuropathy: A randomized, double-blind, active-control, crossover clinical trial. J Diabetes. 2021;13(10):770–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Patten DK, Schultz BG, Berlau DJ. The safety and efficacy of low-dose naltrexone in the management of chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, crohn’s disease, and other chronic pain disorders. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(3):382–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):89.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Balduzzi S, Rucker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153–60.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ. 2008;336(7651):995–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cree BA, Kornyeyeva E, Goodin DS. Pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(2):145–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tsui JI, Rossi SL, Cheng DM, et al. Pilot RCT comparing low-dose naltrexone, gabapentin and placebo to reduce pain among people with HIV with alcohol problems. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(2):e0297948.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bested K, Jensen LM, Andresen T, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Pain Rep. 2023;8(4):e1080.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liampas A, Rekatsina M, Vadalouca A, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Zis P. Pharmacological management of painful peripheral neuropathies: A systematic review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):55–68.
Bruun-Plesner K, Blichfeldt-Eckhardt MR, Vaegter HB, Lauridsen JT, Amris K, Toft P. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: Investigation of dose-response relationships. Pain Med. 2020;21(10):2253–61.
Oaks Z, Stage A, Middleton B, Faraone S, Johnson B. Clinical utility of the cold pressor test: evaluation of pain patients, treatment of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and fibromyalgia with low dose naltrexone. Discov Med. 2018;26(144):197–206.
Parkitny L, Younger J. Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines after eight weeks of low-dose naltrexone for fibromyalgia. Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):16.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
HaroutiunHamzoian SC. Efficacy of low dose naltrexone on pain reduction in chronic pain syndromes: A meta analysis. Pain Studies Treatment. 2023;11:15–25.
Comments (0)