Ranke MB, Wit JM (2018) Growth hormone—past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(5):285–300. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.22
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Guyda HJ (1999) Four decades of growth hormone therapy for short children: what have we achieved? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.12.6189
Vijayakumar A, Yakar S, LeRoith D (2011) The intricate role of growth hormone in metabolism. Front. Endocrinol 2.https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2011.00032
Barake M, Klibanski A, Tritos NA (2014) Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on bone mineral density in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(3):852–860. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3921
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kristrom B, Karlberg J, Albertsson‐Wikland K, Swedish Paediatric Study Group for GH treatment (1995) Prediction of the growth response of short prepubertal children treated with growth hormone. Acta Paediatr 84(1):51–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13483.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ranke MB, Lindberg A (2009) Predicting growth in response to growth hormone treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 19(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.001
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Chatelain P, Wilton P, Cutfield W, Albertsson-Wikland K Derivation and validation of a mathematical model for predicting the response to exogenous recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in prepubertal children with idiopathic GH deficiency. 84 no4
Ranke MB, Lindberg A, KIGS International Board (2010) Observed and predicted growth responses in prepubertal children with growth disorders: guidance of growth hormone treatment by empirical variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(3):1229–1237. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1471
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valle D, Bartolotta E, Caruso M, De Sanctis C, Falorni A, Saggese G, Pasquino AM, Tauchmanova L, Cicognani A (2011) Prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in pre-pubertal children with growth hormone deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest p. e126–30
Alatzoglou KS et al (2009) Expanding the spectrum of mutations in GH1 and GHRHR: genetic screening in a large cohort of patients with congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(9):3191–3199. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2783
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rosenfeld RG (2009) The future of research into growth hormone responsiveness. Horm Res Paediatr 71(Suppl. 2):71–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000192440
Ahangari G, Ostadali MR, Rabani A, Rashidian J, Sanati MH, Zarindast MR (2004) Growth hormone antibodies formation in patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 17(1):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700105
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mullis PE (2010) Genetics of ısolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2(2):52–62. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.v2i2.52
Mullis P-E (2011) Genetics of GHRH, GHRH-receptor, GH and GH-receptor: its impact on pharmacogenetics. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25(1):25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.06.006
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Blum WF et al (2018) Screening a large pediatric cohort with GH deficiency for mutations in genes regulating pituitary development and GH secretion: frequencies, phenotypes and growth outcomes. EBioMedicine 36:390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.026
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Maghnie M Safety and efficacy of pediatric growth hormone therapy: results from the full KIGS cohort
Pfäffle R et al (2020) Safety and effectiveness of Omnitrope®, a biosimilar recombinant human growth hormone: more than 10 years’ experience from the PATRO children study. Horm Res Paediatr 93(3):154–163. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508190
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ross JL, Lee PA, Gut R, Germak J (2015) Attaining genetic height potential: analysis of height outcomes from the ANSWER program in children treated with growth hormone over 5 years. Growth Horm IGF Res 25(6):286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2015.08.006
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thomas M et al (2001) Final height in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency treated with recombinant human growth hormone: the Belgian experience. Horm Res Paediatr 55(2):88–94. https://doi.org/10.1159/000049976
Sävendahl L et al (2020) Long-term mortality after childhood growth hormone treatment: the SAGhE cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(8):683–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30163-7
Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT (2010) Genetic causes and treatment of isolated growth hormone deficiency—an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol 6(10):562–576. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2010.147
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pantel J (2006) Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature. J Clin Invest 116(3):760–768. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25303
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Aouchiche K et al (2025) Phenotype and genotype of 23 patients with hypopituitarism and pathogenic GLI2 variants. Eur J Endocrinol 192(2):110–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvaf015
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Richards S et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 17(5):405–424. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sempé M, Pédron G, Roy-Pernot MP (1979) Auxologie: méthode et séquences. Laboratoire Théraplix
Mamelle N, Munoz F, Grandjean H (1996) Fetal growth from the AUDIPOG study. I. Establishment of reference curves. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 25(1):61–70
Grimberg A et al (2016) Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 86(6):361–397. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452150
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fowden A (2003) The insulin-like growth factors and feto-placental growth. Placenta 24(8‑9):803–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(03)00080-8
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pena-Almazan S, Buchlis J, Miller S, Shine B, Macgillivray M Linear growth characteristics of congenitally GH-deficient infants from birth to one year of age.
Frisch H (2007) Characteristics of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency at the start of growth hormone therapy and the response to growth hormone. Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics: 20 Years of KIGS, 108)
Birla S et al (2016) Identification of novel GHRHR and GH1 mutations in patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res 29:50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2016.04.001
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pantel J et al (2009) Recessive isolated growth hormone deficiency and mutations in the ghrelin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(11):4334–4341. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1327
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Punt LD et al (2025) Loss-of-function GHSR variants are associated with short stature and low IGF-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 110(5):e1303–e1314. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf010
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Murray PG, Dattani MT, Clayton PE (2016) Controversies in the diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence. Arch Dis Child 101(1):96–100. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307228
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Binder G, Weidenkeller M, Blumenstock G, Langkamp M, Weber K, Franz AR (2010) Rational approach to the diagnosis of severe growth hormone deficiency in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(5):2219–2226. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2692
Comments (0)