Molecular, metabolic, and histological subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its tumor microenvironment: Insights into tumor heterogeneity and clinical implications

AI

Artificial intelligence

apCAFs

Antigen-presenting CAFs

ATAC-seq

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing

CAF

Cancer-associated fibroblast

ChIP-seq

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing

CYP3A

cytochrome P450 3 A

DHODH

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

DSP

Digital spatial profiling

EMT

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

G6PD

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GLUT1

Glucose transporter 1

GSH

Glutathione (reduced form)

GSK3β

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

ICIs

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

LCM

Laser capture microdissection

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein

LDLR

Low-density lipoprotein receptor

MET

mesenchymal-epithelial transition

mFOLFIRINOX

Modified FOLFIRINOX

MDR1

Multidrug resistance protein 1

myCAFs

Myofibroblastic CAFs

NAC

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

NAD

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)

NGS

Next-generation sequencing

NPC1L1

Niemann-Pick C1 like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1

OXPHOS

Oxidative phosphorylation

PACpAInt

Pancreatic Cancer AI Network

PARP

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PDAC

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

PDCL

Patient-derived cell line

PDO

Patient-derived organoid

PDPCO

Patient-Derived Pancreatic Cancer Organoid

PD-L1

Programmed death-ligand 1

PDX

Patient-derived xenograft

PurIST

Purity Independent Subtyping of Tumors

scRNA-seq

Single-cell RNA-seq

SREBP1

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1

SREBP2

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2

TAM

Tumor-associated macrophage

TCA cycle

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TCGA

The Cancer Genome Atlas

TGFβ

Transforming growth factor beta

TME

Tumor microenvironment

WGS

Whole-genome sequencing.

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