Bernabei I, So A, Busso N, Nasi S. Cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;19(1):10–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rai MF, Brophy RH, Sandell LJ. Osteoarthritis following meniscus and ligament injury: insights from translational studies and animal models. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2019;31(1):70–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hugle T, Geurts J. What drives osteoarthritis?-synovial versus subchondral bone pathology. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(9):1461–71.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee W, Nims RJ, Savadipour A, Zhang QJ, Leddy HA, Liu F, McNulty AL, Chen Y, Guilak F, Liedtke WB. Inflammatory signaling sensitizes Piezo1 mechanotransduction in articular chondrocytes as a pathogenic feed-forward mechanism in osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2021, 118(13):e2001611118.

Cisternas MG, Murphy L, Sacks JJ, Solomon DH, Pasta DJ, Helmick CG. Alternative methods for defining osteoarthritis and the impact on estimating prevalence in a US population-based survey. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(5):574–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Holden MA, Nicolson PJA, Thomas MJ, Corp N, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. Osteoarthritis year in review 2022: rehabilitation. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2023;31(2):177–86.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hunter DJ, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2019;393(10182):1745–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz JN, Arant KR, Loeser RF. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis. JAMA 2021, 325(6):568–578.

Jenei-Lanzl Z, Zaucke F. Osteoarthritis year in review 2024: biology. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2025;33(1):58–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Swahn H, Li K, Duffy T, Olmer M, D’Lima DD, Mondala TS, Natarajan P, Head SR, Lotz MK. Senescent cell population with ZEB1 transcription factor as its main regulator promotes osteoarthritis in cartilage and meniscus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(3):403–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan Y, Bian X, Meng X, Li L, Fu L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao D, Guo X, et al. Unveiling inflammatory and prehypertrophic cell populations as key contributors to knee cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis using multi-omics data integration. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(7):926–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Yang D, Yang Q, Lv X, Huang W, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Ding X, et al. Single-cell RNA landscape of intratumoral heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment in advanced osteosarcoma. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):6322.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji Q, Zheng Y, Zhang G, Hu Y, Fan X, Hou Y, Wen L, Li L, Xu Y, Wang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals the progression of human osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(1):100–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng J, He Z, Jing J, Liu Y, Zhang H. Integrating machine learning and multi-omics to identify key sumoylation molecular signature in sarcoma. Life Conflux 2024, 1(1):e88–e88.

Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, Price AJ, Vincent TL, Weinans H, Carr AJ. Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):376–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelson AE, Allen KD, Golightly YM, Goode AR, Jordan JM. A systematic review of recommendations and guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis: the chronic osteoarthritis management initiative of the US bone and joint initiative. Semin Arthritis Rheu. 2014;43(6):701–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Robinson WH, Lepus CM, Wang Q, Raghu H, Mao R, Lindstrom TM, Sokolove J. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(10):580–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu W, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Liu X, Huang L, Wei Q, Huang Y, Wu W, Gu J. Alterations in peripheral T cell and B cell subsets in patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;39(2):523–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Philpott HT, Birmingham TB, Pinto R, Primeau CA, Arsenault D, Lanting BA, Zhu Y, Appleton CT. Synovitis is associated with constant pain in knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study of OMERACT knee ultrasound scores. J Rhuematol. 2022;49(1):89–97.

Article  Google Scholar 

Scanzello CR, Goldring SR. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone. 2012;51(2):249–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li M, Yin H, Yan Z, Li H, Wu J, Wang Y, Wei F, Tian G, Ning C, Li H, et al. The immune microenvironment in cartilage injury and repair. Acta Biomater. 2022;140:23–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang YY, Yao J, Yuan MT, Zhang ZW, Hu WP. Osteoblasts can induce dental pulp stem cells to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Cytotechnology. 2013;65(2):223–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie X, Doody GM, Shuweihdi F, Conaghan PG, Ponchel F. B-cell capacity for expansion and differentiation into plasma cells are altered in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2023;31(9):1176–88.

Article  Google Scholar 

Geraghty T, Obeidat AM, Ishihara S, Wood MJ, Li J, Lopes EBP, Scanzello CR, Griffin TM, Malfait AM, Miller RE. Age-associated changes in knee Osteoarthritis, pain-related behaviors, and dorsal root ganglia immunophenotyping of male and female mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(10):1770–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ponchel F, Burska AN, Hensor EMA, Raja R, Campbell M, Emery P, Conaghan PG. Changes in peripheral blood immune cell composition in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2015;23(11):1870–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kam NW, Liu D, Cai Z, Mak WY, Wong CK, Chiu KH, Wong KY, Tsang WL, Tam LS. Synoviocytes-derived Interleukin 35 potentiates B cell response in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(4):563–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burt KG, Scanzello CR. B cells in osteoarthritis: simply a sign or a target for therapy? Osteoarthr Cartil. 2023;31(9):1148–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lu P, Li Y, Yang S, Yao H, Tu B, Ning R. B cell activation, differentiation, and their potential molecular mechanisms in Osteoarthritic synovial tissue. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:2137–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tu B, Fang R, Zhu Z, Chen G, Peng C, Ning R. Comprehensive analysis of arachidonic acid metabolism-related genes in diagnosis and synovial immune in osteoarthritis: based on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Inflamm Res. 2023;72(5):955–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16(4):494–502.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mak CCH, To K, Fekir K, Brooks RA, Khan WS. Infrapatellar fat pad adipose-derived stem cells co-cultured with articular chondrocytes from osteoarthritis patients exhibit increased chondrogenic gene expression. Cell Commun Signal 2022, 20(1).

Zhu G-Q, Tang Z, Huang R, Qu W-F, Fang Y, Yang R, Tao C-Y, Gao J, Wu X-L, Sun H-X et al. CD36 + cancer-associated fibroblasts provide immunosuppressive microenvironment for hepatocellular carcinoma via secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Cell Discovery 2023, 9(1):25.

Xue R, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Kong R, Xiang X, Liu H, Feng M, Wang F, Cheng J, Li Z, et al. Liver tumour immune microenvironment subtypes and neutrophil heterogeneity. Nature. 2022;612(7938):141–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Liu G, Zeng Q, Wu W, Lei K, Zhang C, Tang M, Zhang Y, Xiang X, Tan L, et al. CCL19-producing fibroblasts promote tertiary lymphoid structure formation enhancing anti-tumor IgG response in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2024;42(8):1370–85. e1379.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng Q, Wang S, Li M, Wang S, Guo C, Ruan X, Watanabe R, Lai Y, Huang Y, Yin X, et al. Spleen fibroblastic reticular cell-derived acetylcholine promotes lipid metabolism to drive autoreactive B cell responses. Cell Metab. 2023;35(5):837–e854838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lowin T, Anssar TM, Bauml M, Classen T, Schneider M, Pongratz G. Positive and negative cooperativity of TNF and Interferon-gamma in regulating synovial fibroblast function and B cell survival in fibroblast/B cell co-cultures. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):780.

Article  CAS  PubMed