Miyagawa S, Hirose H, Shirakura R, Naka Y, Nakata S, Kawashima Y, et al. The mechanism of discordant xenograft rejection. Transplantation. 1988;46:825–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa S, Yamamoto A, Matsunami K, Wang D, Takama Y, Ueno T, et al. Complement regulation in the GalT KO era. Xenotransplantation. 2010;17:11–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalmasso AP, Vercellotti GM, Platt JL, Bach FH. Inhibition of complement-mediated endothelial cell cytotoxicity by decay-accelerating factor. Potential for prevention of xenograft hyperacute rejection. Transplantation. 1991;52:530–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cozzi E, White DJ. The generation of transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans. Nat Med. 1995;1:964–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loveland BE, Milland J, Kyriakou P, Thorley BR, Christiansen D, Lanteri MB, et al. Characterization of a CD46 transgenic pig and protection of transgenic kidneys against hyperacute rejection in non-immunosuppressed baboons. Xenotransplantation. 2004;11:171–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cowan PJ. Coagulation and the xenograft endothelium. Xenotransplantation. 2007;14:7–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa S, Maeda A, Kawamura T, Ueno T, Usui N, Kondo S, et al. A comparison of the main structures of N-glycans of porcine islets with those from humans. Glycobiology. 2014;24:125–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galili U, Swanson K. Gene sequences suggest inactivation of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase in catarrhines after the divergence of apes from monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:7401–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper DKC. Depletion of natural antibodies in non-human primates - a step towards successful discordant xenografting in humans. Clin Transplant. 1992;6:178–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandrin MS, Fodor WL, Mouhtouris E, Osman N, Cohney S, Rollins SA, et al. Enzymatic remodelling of the carbohydrate surface of a xenogenic cell substantially reduces human antibody binding and complement-mediated cytolysis. Nat Med. 1995;1:1261–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanemura M, Miyagawa S, Koyota S, Koma M, Matsuda H, Tsuji S, et al. Reduction of the major swine xenoantigen, the alpha-galactosyl epitope by transfection of the alpha2,3-sialyltransferase gene. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:16421–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koma M, Miyagawa S, Honke K, Ikeda Y, Koyota S, Miyoshi S, et al. Reduction of the major xenoantigen on glycosphingolipids of swine endothelial cells by various glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology. 2000;10:745–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanemura M, Miyagawa S, Ihara Y, Matsuda H, Shirakura R, Taniguchi N. Significant downregulation of the major swine xenoantigen by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III gene transfection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;235:359–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa S, Murakami H, Takahagi Y, Nakai R, Yamada M, Murase A, et al. Remodeling of the major pig xenoantigen by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in transgenic pig. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:39310–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takahagi Y, Fujimura T, Miyagawa S, Nagashima H, Shigehisa T, Shirakura R, et al. Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout pigs expressing both human decay-accelerating factor and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III. Mol Reprod Dev. 2005;71:331–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Komoda H, Miyagawa S, Omori T, Takahagi Y, Murakami H, Shigehisa T, et al. Survival of adult islet grafts from transgenic pigs with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III (GnT-III) in cynomolgus monkeys. Xenotransplantation. 2005;12:209–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogawa H, Muramatsu H, Kobayashi T, Morozumi K, Yokoyama I, Kurosawa N, et al. Molecular cloning of endo-beta -galactosidase C and its application in removing alpha -galactosyl xenoantigen from blood vessels in the pig kidney. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:19368–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa S. Xenotransplantation and glycomedicine. Comprehensive Glycoscience. Johannis P Kamerling, editors ELSEVIER Press. 2007;533 – 53.

Dai Y, Vaught TD, Boone J, Chen SH, Phelps CJ, Ball S, et al. Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat Biotechnol. 2002;20:251–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Irie A, Koyama S, Kozutsumi Y, Kawasaki T, Suzuki A. The molecular basis for the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:15866–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lutz AJ, Li P, Estrada JL, Sidner RA, Chihara RK, Downey SM. Double knockout pigs deficient in N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose alpha-1,3-galactose reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation. 2013;20:27–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyagawa S, Matsunari H, Watanabe M, Nakano K, Umeyama K, Sakai R, et al. Generation of α1,3-galactosyltransferase and cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene double-knockout pigs. J Reprod Dev. 2015;61:449–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Byrne GW, Du Z, Stalboerger P, Kogelberg H, McGregor CGA. Cloning and expression of porcine β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase encoding a new xenoreactive antigen. Xenotransplantation. 2014;21:543–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lo PC, Eguchi H, Sakai R, Maeda A, Kogata S, Toyama C et al. Reaction to the porcine cells with or without b4GalNT2. Transplant Proc. 2020;52:1916-8.

Petersen B, Ramackers W, Lucas-Hahn A, Lemme E, Hassel P, Queisser AL, et al. Transgenic expression of human heme oxygenase-1 in pigs confers resistance against xenograft rejection during ex vivo perfusion of porcine kidneys. Xenotransplantation. 2011;18:355–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oropeza M, Petersen B, Carnwath JW, Lucas-Hahn A, Lemme E, Hassel P, et al. Transgenic expression of the human A20 gene in cloned pigs provides protection against apoptotic and inflammatory stimuli. Xenotransplantation. 2009;16:522–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yun S, Gustafsson K, Fabre JW. Suppression of human anti-porcine T-cell immune responses by major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator constructs lacking the amino terminal domain. Transplantation. 1998;66:103–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hara H, Witt W, Crossley T, Long C, Isse K, Fan L, et al. <article-title update=“added”> Human dominant‐negative class <scp>II</scp> transactivator transgenic pigs – effect on the human anti‐pig <scp>T</scp> ‐cell immune response and immune status. Immunology. 2013;140:39–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reyes LM, Estrada JL, Wang ZY, Blosser RJ, Smith RF, Sidner RA, et al. <article-title update=“added”>Creating class I MHC–null pigs using guide RNA and the Cas9 endonuclease. J Immunol. 2014;193:5751–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park SJ, Cho B, Koo OJ, Koo OJ, Kim H, Kang JT, et al. Production and characterization of soluble human TNFRI-Fc and human HO-1(HMOX1) transgenic pigs by using the F2A peptide. Transgenic Res. 2014;23:407–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohiuddin MM, Singh AK, Scobie L, Goerlich CE, Grazioli A, Saharia K, et al. Graft dysfunction in compassionate use of genetically engineered pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation: a case report. Lancet. 2023;402:397–410.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawai T, Williams WW, Elias N, Fishman JA, Crisalli K, Longchamp A, et al. Xenotransplantation of a Porcine Kidney for End-Stage Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:1933–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed