Huang CH, Chen KS, Chia MY, Chiou HY, Shia WY. Cryptococcal granulomas of basal ganglia due to Cryptococcus neoformans in a cat: a case report and literature review. J Vet Med Sci. 2023;85(4):412–6. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.22-0514.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV. World Health Organization. 2022;2022(1):1–64. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052178
Cogliati M. Global molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: an atlas of the molecular types. Scientifica. 2013;2013:675213. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/675213.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, Jarvis JN, Govender NP, Chiller TM, Denning DW, Loyse A, Boulware DR. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):873–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30243-8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Firacative C, Lizarazo J, Illnait-Zaragozí MT, Castañeda E, Latin American Cryptococcal Study G. The status of cryptococcosis in latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2018;113(7):e 170554. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760170554.
Tugume L, Ssebambulidde K, Kasibante J, Ellis J, Wake RM, Gakuru J, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00472-z.
May RC, Stone NRH, Wiesner DL, Bicanic T, Nielsen K. Cryptococcus: From environmental saprophyte to global pathogen. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016;14:106–17. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2015.6
Carolina dos Santos Bermann. Caroline Quintana Braga, Lara Baccarin Ianiski, Sônia de Avila Botton, Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira, Cryptococcosis in domestic and wild animals: A review. Med Mycol. February 2023;61:myad016. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myad016.
Viana R, Couceiro D, Newton W, Coutinho L, Dias O, Coelho C, et al. Unveiling new features of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans through the reconstruction and exploitation of a dedicated genome-scale metabolic model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2025;27:2336–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2025.05.034.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cogliati M, Chidebelu PE, Hitchcock M, Chen M, Rickerts V, Ackermann S, et al. Multi-locus sequence typing and phylogenetics of Cryptococcus neoformans AD hybrids. Fungal Genet Biol. 2024;170:103861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103861.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
H. Albehaijani S, Huynh T, Boyce KJ. Cellular and genetic changes during and after fluconazole exposure in Cryptococcus neoformans. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2025;66(2):107519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107519.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bian Z, Xu Z, Peer A, Choi Y, Priest SJ, Akritidou K, et al. Essential genes encoded by the mating-type locus of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio. 2025;16(4):e0022325. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00223-25.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robin TB, Rani NA, Ahmed N, Prome AA, Bappy MNI, Ahmed F. Identification of novel drug targets and screening potential drugs against Cryptococcus gattii: an in silico approach. Inf Med Unlocked. 2023;38:101222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023.101222.
Llinas J, Rozmanec M, Hyndman TH. Diagnosis and management of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii detected in an oral mass in a pink-tongued skink (Cyclodomorphus gerarrdii). Aust Vet J. 2024;102(8):416–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13337.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Johnston L, Mackay B, King T, Krockenberger MB, Malik R, Tebb A. Abdominal cryptococcosis in dogs and cats: 38 cases (2000–2018). J Small Anim Pract. 2021;62(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13232.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Weng T-P, Wang S-W, Lo S-T, Su S-L, Hsieh M-I, Tsai P-J, et al. Comparative evaluation of sensititre YeastOne and VITEK2 antifungal susceptibility tests with CLSI broth microdilution method of clinical Cryptococcus isolates in Taiwan. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13(2):0211724. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02117-24.
Huang Y, Zhang Y, Yang S, Lu H, Yu H, Wang X, et al. Epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis and fluconazole heteroresistance in Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from a teaching hospital in southwestern China. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(8):e0072524. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00725-24.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Diehl C, Pinzan CF, Alves de Castro P, Delbaje E, García Carnero LC, Sánchez-León E, et al. Brilacidin, a novel antifungal agent against Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio. 2024;15(7):e0103124. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01031-24.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bemis DA, Krahwinkel DJ, Bowman LA, Mondon P, Kwon-Chung KJ. Temperature-sensitive strain of Cryptococcus neoformans producing hyphal elements in a feline nasal granuloma. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(2):926–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.926-928.2000.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Newman R, Schaible M. Isolation of Cryptococcus gattii from feline chronic stage lipoid pneumonia. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2019;25:19–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.06.002.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Folorunso OS, Sebolai OM. Transcription factors and intracellular proteins orchestrate phenotypic adaptation in Cryptococcus neoformans for survival and human infections. Preprints. 2023. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0461.v1.
Siviero AS, Rivas BB, Redaelli R, Veronezi TM, Slaviero M, Oliveira EC, et al. Meningoencephalomyelitis and pneumonia caused by Cryptococcus spp. in a cat – case report. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2023;75(5):941–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12947.
Trivedi SR, Malik R, Meyer W, Sykes JE. Feline cryptococcosis. Impact of current research on clinical management. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13(3):163–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.01.009.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jacobs GJ, Medleau L, Calvert C, Brown J. Cryptococcal infection in cats: factors influencing treatment outcome, and results of sequential serum antigen titers in 35 cats. J Vet Intern Med. 1997;11(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00064.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Malik R, Speed BR, Kaldor J, Cairns B, Pegorer M, Wigney DI, et al. Serum antibody response to Cryptococcus neoformans in cats, dogs and koalas with and without active infection. Med Mycol. 1999;37(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00202.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nunes Rodrigues TC, Stroobants LR, Vandenabeele SI. Feline cutaneous nodular and ocular Cryptococcus neoformans in Belgium. J Feline Med Surg Open Rep. 2020;6(1):2055116920912560. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055116920912560.
Barrs VR, Beczkowski PM, Talbot JJ, Hobi S, Teoh SN, Hernandez Muguiro D, et al. Invasive fungal infections and oomycoses in cats: 1. diagnostic approach. J Feline Med Surg. 2024;26(1):1098612X231219696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X231219696.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Damiani J, Flores Teixeira A, Pereira dos Santos D, Gonçalves da Silva Valente L, Orbem Veronezi L, de Valente G. Criptococose felina: relato de caso. Pubvet. 2020;14(03). https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v14n3a524.1-5.
McEwan SA, Sykes JE. Nasopharyngeal cryptococcosis in a cat: interlaboratory variation in cryptococcal antigen assay test results. J Feline Med Surg Open Rep. 2022;8(1):20551169221074624. https://doi.org/10.1177/20551169221074624.
Toscano MF, Machado GF, Rozza DB, Marinho M, Sueiro F. Retrospective and spatial study of pathological diagnoses of canine and feline cryptococcosis in municipalities in the State of São Paulo. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13062.
Glavinić A, Šupić J, Alić A, Spahija N, Maksimović A, Šunje-Rizvan A. First case of feline cryptococcosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. JFMS Open Rep. 2024;10(2):20551169241265248. https://doi.org/10.1177/20551169241265248.
Comments (0)