Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S et al. Updated diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(4):e1014.

Dahm L, Ott C, Steiner J, et al. Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(1):82–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Campana IG, Silva GD. Anti-Tr/DNER Antibody-Associated cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review. Cerebellum. 2022;21(6):1085–91.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Oliveira V, Videira G, Samões R, Carneiro P, Neves E, Santos E. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with onconeural antibodies: A single center retrospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2020;418:117103.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Loehrer PA, Zieger L, Simon OJ. Update on paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Brain Sci. 2021;11(11):1414.

Cai Y, Liu J, Ren H, et al. Anti-Tr/DNER antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia: three rare cases report and literature review. Neurol Sci. 2023;44(1):397–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adibi A, Rastegar-Kashkouli A, Yousefi P, Adibi I, Ahmadi E, Naghavi S. Plasmapheresis and IVIG for treatment of Non-Tumor Anti-Tr/DNER Antibody-Associated ataxia: A case report. Cerebellum. 2024;23(5):2208–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujii S, Yaguchi H, Takahashi-Iwata I, et al. Anti-Tr/DNER Antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndrome presenting limbic encephalitis with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Intern Med. 2025;64(13):2057–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan N. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in a patient with anaplastic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017224100.

Fiorelli N, Fraticelli S, Bonometti A, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma with diplopia and nystagmus: A paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with ectopic expression of DNER antigen on Reed-Sternberg cells. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022;22(2):e124–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yeo KK, Walter AW, Miller RE, Dalmau J. Rituximab as potential therapy for paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in pediatric hodgkin disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(6):986–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avramova BE, Hristova T, Yordanova M, et al. Cerebellar degeneration as a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in a child with hodgkin lymphoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2016;38(6):470–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greene M, Lai Y, Baella N, Dalmau J, Lancaster E. Antibodies to Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor in patients with anti-Tr, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, and hodgkin lymphoma. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(8):1003–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adibi A, Adibi I, Danaei H. Anti-Tr/DNER Antibody-Associated ataxia in a pediatric hodgkin lymphoma survivor: successful treatment with plasmapheresis and IVIG. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2025;72(4):e31594.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arratibel N, Sobejano E, Moran JC, et al. A case of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration that preceded the diagnosis of classical hodgkin’s lymphoma by 16 months. Am J Case Rep. 2020;21:e922342.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen S, Liu W, Zhou M, Yang R, Li J, Zhou D. Combination of structural MRI, functional MRI and brain PET-CT provide more diagnostic and prognostic value in patients of cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Tr/DNER: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):368.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xinguang Y, Peihao L, Sha L, et al. DNER-IgG screening of 3290 cerebral spinal fluid samples: two autoimmune cerebellar ataxia cases without tumors in long-term follow-up. Neuroimmunol Rep. 2023;3:100161.

Article  Google Scholar 

Graus F, Dalmau J, Valldeoriola F, et al. Immunological characterization of a neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and hodgkin’s disease. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;74(1–2):55–61.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Graaff E, Maat P, Hulsenboom E, et al. Identification of delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor as the tr antigen in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(6):815–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christensen PB, Gregersen H, Almasi C. Anti-Tr/DNER antibody paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration preceding a very late relapse of hodgkin lymphoma after 12 years. Cerebellum Ataxias. 2021;8(1):14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peltola J, Hietaharju A, Rantala I, Lehtinen T, Haapasalo H. A reversible neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in hodgkin’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98(5):360–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Geromin A, Candoni A, Marcon G, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with anti-neuronal anti-Tr antibodies in a patient with hodgkin’s disease. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(9):1960–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Taniguchi Y, Tanji C, Kawai T, Saito H, Marubayashi S, Yorioka N. A case report of plasmapheresis in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-Tr antibody. Ther Apher Dial. 2006;10(1):90–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gungor S, Kilic B, Arslan M, Ozgen U. Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in children: a case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33(3):509–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suri V, Khan NI, Jadhao N, Gupta R. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15(3):205–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ypma PF, Wijermans PW, Koppen H, Sillevis Smitt PA. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration preceding the diagnosis of hodgkin’s lymphoma. Neth J Med. 2006;64(7):243–7.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bruylant K, Crols R, Humbel RL, Appel B, De Deyn PP. Probably anti-Tr associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration as initial presentation of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(4):415–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schwenkenbecher P, Chacko L, Pul R, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar syndromes associated with antibodies against purkinje cells. Int J Neurosci. 2018;128(8):721–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barba C, Alexopoulos H, Dimitriadou M, Akrivou S, Tsiortou P, Plomaritoglou A, Dalakas MC. Anti- trantibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia: serial antibody testing and response to immunotherapy (P2.2-039). Neurology. 2019;92(15 Supplement). https://n.neurology.org/content/92/15_Supplement/P2.2-039.abstract.

Trotter JL, Hendin BA, Osterland CK. Cerebellar degeneration with hodgkin disease. An immunological study. Arch Neurol. 1976;33(9):660–1.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Limaiem F, Jain P. Warthin tumor. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Retrieved [October 28, 2025], from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557640/.

Kinoshita M, Takada K, Ohara H, et al. Diagnostic significance of paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies in Japanese adults with autoimmune encephalitis: A case series study in an adult epilepsy clinic. Clin Pharmacol. 2025;17:155–66.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar