Acker J, MacKillop J (2013) Behavioral economic analysis of cue-elicited craving for tobacco: a virtual reality study. Nicotine Tob Res 15(8):1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts341

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adams S, Ataya AF, Attwood AS, Munafò MR (2012) Effects of acute alcohol consumption on alcohol-related cognitive biases in light and heavy drinkers are task-dependent. J Psychopharmacol 26(2):245–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111405355

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahrens AM, Singer BF, Fitzpatrick CJ, Morrow JD, Robinson TE (2016) Rats that sign-track are resistant to Pavlovian but not instrumental extinction. Behav Brain Res 296:418–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.055

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albertella L, Le Pelley ME, Chamberlain SR, Westbrook F, Fontenelle LF, Segrave R, Lee R, Pearson D, Yücel M (2019) Reward-related attentional capture is associated with severity of addictive and obsessive–compulsive behaviors. Psychol Addict Behav 33(5):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000484

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Albertella L, Vd Hooven J, Bovens R, Wiers RW (2021) Reward-related attentional capture predicts non-abstinence during a one-month abstinence challenge. Addict Behav 114:106745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106745

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anselme P (2015) Incentive salience attribution under reward uncertainty: a Pavlovian model. Behav Processes 111:6–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anselme P (2025) Unconscious will as a neurobehavioral mechanism against adversity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 169:105985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105985

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anselme P, Güntürkün O (2018) How foraging works: uncertainty magnifies food-seeking motivation. Behav Brain Sci 42:e35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X18000948

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anselme P, Robinson MJF (2020) From sign-tracking to attentional bias: implications for gambling and substance use disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 99:109861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109861

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anselme P, Robinson MJF, Berridge KC (2013) Reward uncertainty enhances incentive salience attribution as sign-tracking. Behav Brain Res 238:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01

Article  Google Scholar 

Beesley T, Nguyen KP, Pearson D, Le Pelley ME (2015) Uncertainty and predictiveness determine attention to cues during human associative learning. Q J Exp Psychol 68(11):2175–2199. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2015.1009919

Article  Google Scholar 

Ben-Shachar M, Lüdecke D, Makowski D (2020) effectsize: Estimation of Effect Size Indices and Standardized Parameters [Computer software]. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02815

Berridge KC (2007) The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 191(3):391–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Billieux J, Rochat L, Ceschi G, Carré A, Offerlin-Meyer I, Defeldre A-C, Khazaal Y, Besche-Richard C, Van der Linden M (2012) Validation of a short French version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale. Compr Psychiatry 53(5):609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blaine SK, Nautiyal N, Hart R, Guarnaccia Jb, Sinha R (2019) Craving, cortisol and behavioral alcohol motivation responses to stress and alcohol cue contexts and discrete cues in binge and non-binge drinkers. Addict Biol 24(5):1096–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12665

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boileau I, Assaad J-M, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Diksic M, Tremblay RE, Dagher A (2003) Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 49(4):226–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.10226

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA (1998) The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med 158(16):1789–1795. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cherkasova MV, Clark L, Barton JJS, Stoessl AJ, Winstanley CA (2024) Risk-promoting effects of reward-paired cues in human sign- and goal-trackers. Behav Brain Res 461:114865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114865

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cho SA, Cho YS (2021) Uncertainty modulates value-driven attentional capture. Atten Percept Psychophys 83(1):142–155. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02171-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chow JYL, Garner KG, Pearson D, Heber J, Le Pelley ME (2025) Effects of instructed and experienced uncertainty on attentional priority. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 51(6):869–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001427

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colaizzi JM, Flagel SB, Gearhardt AN, Borowitz MA, Kuplicki R, Zotev V, Clark G, Coronado J, Abbott T, Paulus MP (2023) The propensity to sign-track is associated with externalizing behavior and distinct patterns of reward-related brain activation in youth. Sci Rep 13:4402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30906-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Colaizzi JM, Flagel SB, Joyner MA, Gearhardt AN, Stewart JL, Paulus MP (2020) Mapping sign-tracking and goal-tracking onto human behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 111:84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.018

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cope LM, Gheidi A, Martz ME, Duval ER, Khalil H, Allerton T, Morrow JD (2023) A mechanical task for measuring sign- and goal-tracking in humans: a proof-of-concept study. Behav Brain Res 436:114112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114112

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Courtney KE, Schacht JP, Hutchison K, Roche DJO, Ray LA (2016) Neural substrates of cue reactivity: association with treatment outcomes and relapse. Addict Biol 21(1):3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12314

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crawford LL, Steirn JN, Pavlik WB (1985) Within- and between-subjects partial reinforcement effects with an autoshaped response using Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Anim Learn Behav 13(1):85–92

de Wit H, Crean J, Richards JB (2000) Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol on a measure of behavioral inhibition in humans. Behav Neurosci 114(4):830–837. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.114.4.830

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Didone V, Masson S, Quoilin C, Seutin V, Quertemont E (2016) Correlation between ethanol behavioral sensitization and midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity to ethanol. Addict Biol 21(2):387–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12216

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dinu L-M, Georgescu A-L, Singh SN, Byrom NC, Overton PG, Singer BF, Dommett EJ (2024) Sign-tracking and goal-tracking in humans: utilising eye-tracking in clinical and non-clinical populations. Behav Brain Res 461:114846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114846

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donoso JR, Packheiser J, Pusch R, Lederer Z, Walther T, Uengoer M, Lachnit H, Güntürkün O, Cheng S (2021) Emergence of complex dynamics of choice due to repeated exposures to extinction learning. Anim Cogn 24(6):1279–1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01521-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dougherty DM, Marsh-Richard DM, Hatzis ES, Nouvion SO, Mathias CW (2008) A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 96(1):111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.002

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Duckworth JJ (2017) Human sign-tracking: An investigation into its mechanisms, measurements and neuropsychological correlates. [ProQuest Information & LearningUS]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

Everitt BJ, Dickinson A, Robbins TW (2001) The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Res Rev 36(2):129–138.