Associations in intentions to use anabolic-androgenic steroids among non-consuming boys and men with probable eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia

Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic steroid use. Horm Behav. 2011;58(1):111–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pope HG, Wood RI, Rogol A, Nyberg F, Bowers L, Bhasin S. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):341–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganson KT, Hallward L, Cunningham ML, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use: patterns of use among a National sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Perform Enhanc Health. 2023;11(1):100241.

Miech RA, Johnston LD, Patrick ME, O’Malley PM. National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2024: Overview and key. Monit Future Study Annu Rep [Internet]. 2024; Available from: https://monitoringthefuture.org/results/annual-reports/

Nagata JM, Hazzard VM, Ganson KT, Austin SB, Neumark-Sztainer D, Eisenberg ME. Muscle-building behaviors from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Prev Med Rep. 2022;27(March):101778.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Griffiths S, Mitchison D, Garber AK, Vittinghoff E et al. Prevalence and correlates of muscle-enhancing behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Int J Adolesc Med Health [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2020-0001/html

Ganson KT, Jackson DB, Testa A, Murnane PM, Nagata JM. Performance-Enhancing substance use and sexual risk behaviors among U.S. Men: results from a prospective cohort study. J Sex Res. 2021;00(00):1–7.

Google Scholar 

Ganson KT, Jackson DB, Testa A, Nagata JM. Performance-Enhancing substance use and intimate partner violence: A prospective cohort study. J Interpers Violence. 2022;0(0):088626052110730.

Google Scholar 

Hauger LE, Havnes IA, Jørstad ML, Bjørnebekk A. Anabolic androgenic steroids, antisocial personality traits, aggression and violence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221(October 2020):108604.

Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Performance-enhancing substance use and criminal offending: A 15-year prospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;226(June):108832.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piatkowski T, De Andrade D, Neumann D, Tisdale C, Dunn M. Examining the association between trenbolone, psychological distress, and aggression among males who use anabolic-androgenic steroids. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;134:104636.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tod D, Edwards C, Cranswick I. Muscle dysmorphia: current insights. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:179–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ward ZJ, Rodriguez P, Wright DR, Austin SB, Long MW. Estimation of eating disorders prevalence by age and associations with mortality in a simulated nationally representative US cohort. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1912925.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown TA, Keel PK. Eating disorders in boys and men. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2023;19:177–205.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchison D, Mond J, Bussey K, Griffiths S, Trompeter N, Lonergan A, et al. DSM-5 full syndrome, other specified, and unspecified eating disorders in Australian adolescents: prevalence and clinical significance. Psychol Med. 2020;50(6):981–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchison D, Mond J, Griffiths S, Hay P, Nagata JM, Bussey K et al. Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the everybody study. Psychol Med. 2022;52(14):3142–49.

Ganson KT, Mitchison D, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Testa A, Nagata JM. Prevalence and correlates of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of boys and men in Canada and the united States. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rica R, Sepúlveda AR. Going deeper into eating and body image pathology in males: prevalence of muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders in a university representative sample. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2024;32(2):363–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Badenes-Ribera L, Rubio-Aparicio M, Sánchez-Meca J, Fabris MA, Longobardi C. The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Behav Addict. 2019;8(3):351–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blomeley D, Phillipou A, Castle DJ. Sizing it up: A systematic review of the nosology of muscle dysmorphia. Clin Res Psychol. 2018;1(1):1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Internet]. Arlington, VA. 2022. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Ganson KT, Testa A, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Body checking behaviors among boys and men with muscle Dysmorphia, anorexia nervosa, and atypical anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2025;58(5):964–76.

Murray SB, Nagata JM, Griffiths S, Calzo JP, Brown TA, Mitchison D, et al. The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;57(August):1–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Brown T, Murray SB. Eating disorders in adolescent boys. In: Halpern-Felsher B, editor. Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health (First Edition) [Internet]. Oxford: Academic Press; 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 26]. pp. 843–54. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128188729000029

Martenstyn JA, Maguire S, Griffiths S. A qualitative investigation of the phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia: part 1. Body Image. 2022;43:486–503.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Choi P, Olivardia R, Phillips KA. Muscle dysmorphia: an underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 1997;38(6):548–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganson KT, Rodgers RF, Testa A, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Exploring muscularity concerns and behaviours among boys and men with probable eating disorders. Body Image. 2025;54:101953.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunningham ML, Nagata JM, Murray SB. Muscularity-Oriented disordered eating in boys and men. In: Nagata JM, Brown TA, Murray SB, Lavender JM (eds) Eat Disord Boys Men; 2021. pp. 21–35.

Ganson KT, Cunningham ML, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Bulking and cutting among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes [Internet]. 2022; Available from: https://link.springer.com/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-022-01470-y

Murray SB, Griffiths S, Mond JM. Evolving eating disorder psychopathology: conceptualising muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(5):414–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smit DL, Buijs MM, De Hon O, Den Heijer M, De Ronde W. Positive and negative side effects of androgen abuse. The HAARLEM study: A one-year prospective cohort study in 100 men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31(2):427–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganson KT, Hallward L, Cunningham ML, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a National sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Body Image. 2023;44(8):178–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olivardia R, Pope J, Hudson JI. Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(8):1291–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pope CG, Pope HG, Menard W, Fay C, Olivardia R, Phillips KA. Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image. 2005;2(4):395–400.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Longobardi C, Prino LE, Fabris MA, Settanni M. Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Res. 2017;256(June):231–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fabris MA, Longobardi C, Prino LE, Settanni M. Attachment style and risk of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of male bodybuilders. Psychol Men Masculinity. 2018;19(2):273–81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Byatt D, Bussey K, Croft T, Trompeter N, Mitchison D. Prevalence and correlates of Anabolic–Androgenic steroid use in Australian adolescents. Nutrients. 2025;17(6):980.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griffiths S, Murray SB, Dunn M, Blashill AJ. Anabolic steroid use among gay and bisexual men living in Australia and new zealand: associations with demographics, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder psychopathology, and quality of life. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;181(October):170–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murray SB, Griffiths S, Mond JM, Kean J, Blashill AJ. Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:198–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eli Joubert H, Melluish S. Considering anabolic androgenic steroid use in relation to non-substance related diagnostic categories with special emphasis on eating disorders: a systematic review. J Subst Use. 2014;21(2):1–7.

Van Den Berg P, Thompson JK, Obremski-Brandon K, Coovert M. The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(5):1007–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tylka TL. Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image. 2011;8(3):199–207.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tylka TL, Andorka MJ. Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image. 2012;9(1):57–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, e

Comments (0)

No login
gif