O’Driscoll DN, McGovern M, Greene CM, Molloy EJ (2018) Gender disparities in preterm neonatal outcomes. Acta Paediatr 107:1494–1499

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Westering-Kroon E, Huizing MJ, Villamor-Martínez E, Villamor E (2021) Male disadvantage in oxidative stress-associated complications of prematurity: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Antioxidants 10:1490

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vu HD, Dickinson C, Kandasamy Y (2018) Sex difference in mortality for premature and low birth weight neonates: a systematic review. Am J Perinatol 35:707–715

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laughon MM, Langer JC, Bose CL, Smith PB, Ambalavanan N, Kennedy KA, Stoll BJ, Buchter S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Cotten CM, Wilson-Costello DE, Shankaran S, Van Meurs KP, Davis AS, Gantz MG, Finer NN, Yoder BA, Faix RG, Carlo WA, Schibler KR, Newman NS, Rich W, Das A, Higgins RD, Walsh MC (2011) Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by postnatal age in extremely premature infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183:1715–1722

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kent AL, Wright IM, Abdel-Latif ME (2012) Mortality and adverse neurologic outcomes are greater in preterm male infants. Pediatrics 129:124–131

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bairey Merz CN, Dember LM, Ingelfinger JR, Vinson A, Neugarten J, Sandberg KL, Sullivan JC, Maric-Bilkan C, Rankin TL, Kimmel PL, Star RA, Participants of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on “sex and the kidneys” (2019) Sex and the kidneys: current understanding and research opportunities. Nat Rev Nephrol 15:776–783

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neugarten J, Golestaneh L (2019) Influence of sex on the progression of chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 94:1339–1356

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neugarten J, Golestaneh L (2018) Female sex reduces the risk of hospital-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 19:314

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neugarten J, Golestaneh L (2016) The effect of gender on aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Nephrol 86:183–189

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neugarten J, Golestaneh L (2013) Gender and the prevalence and progression of renal disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 20:390–395

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hammond JD 2nd, Kielt MJ, Conroy S, Lingappan K, Austin ED, Eldredge LC, Truog WE, Abman SH, Nelin LD, Guaman MC (2023) Exploring the association of male sex with adverse outcomes in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a retrospective, multicenter cohort study. Chest 165:610–620

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soranno DE, Awdishu L, Bagshaw SM, Basile D, Bell S, Bihorac A, Bonventre J, Brendolan A, Claure-Del Granado R, Collister D, Curtis LM, Dolan K, Fuhrman DY, Habeeb Z, Hutchens MP, Kashani KB, Lumlertgul N, McCulloch M, Menon S, Mohamed A, Pannu N, Reue K, Ronco C, Sahay M, See E, Zappitelli M, Mehta R, Ostermann M (2025) The role of sex and gender in acute kidney injury-consensus statements from the 33rd acute disease quality initiative. Kidney Int 107:606–616

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askenazi DJ, Heagerty PJ, Schmicker RH, Griffin R, Brophy P, Juul SE, Mayock DE, Goldstein SL, Hingorani S (2020) Prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN). Pediatr Nephrol 35:1737–1748

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Askenazi DJ, Heagerty PJ, Schmicker RH, Brophy P, Juul SE, Goldstein SL, Hingorani S (2021) The impact of erythropoietin on short- and long-term kidney-related outcomes in neonates of extremely low gestational age. Results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr 232:65-72.e7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Juul SE, Comstock BA, Wadhawan R, Mayock DE, Courtney SE, Robinson T, Ahmad KA, Bendel-Stenzel E, Baserga M, LaGamma EF, Downey LC, Rao R, Fahim N, Lampland A, Frantz Iii ID, Khan JY, Weiss M, Gilmore MM, Ohls RK, Srinivasan N, Perez JE, McKay V, Vu PT, Lowe J, Kuban K, O’Shea TM, Hartman AL, Heagerty PJ (2020) A randomized trial of erythropoietin for neuroprotection in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 382:233–243

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Starr MC, Griffin R, Gist KM, Segar J, Raina R, Guillet R, Nesargi S, Menon S, Anderson N, Askenazi D, Selewski D (2022) The impact of fluid balance on short- and long-term respiratory outcomes in extremely premature neonates: results from the PENUT study. American Society of Pediatric Nephrology Annual Meeting, Denver CO

Google Scholar 

Turner MJ, Griffin R, Schuh M, Sanderson K, Slagle C, Menon S, Askenazi D, Gist K (2025) Acute kidney injury and subsequent risk of late-onset infection among extremely low gestational age newborns. J Perinatol 45:1450–1455

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Askenazi D, Patil NR, Ambalavanan N, Balena-Borneman J, Lozano DJ, Ramani M, Collins M, Griffin RL (2015) Acute kidney injury is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia/mortality in premature infants. Pediatr Nephrol 30:1511–1518

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Starr MC, Boohaker L, Eldredge LC, Menon S, Griffin R, Mayock DE, Li L, Askenazi D, Hingorani S (2020) Acute kidney injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature neonates born less than 32 weeks’ gestation. Am J Perinatol 37:341–348

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wallace SW, Geers ER, Niehaus JZ, Cristea AI, Starr MC (2024) Kidney complications in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 97:2431–2435

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2007) Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ 335:806–808

Article  Google Scholar 

Zappitelli M, Ambalavanan N, Askenazi DJ, Moxey-Mims MM, Kimmel PL, Star RA, Abitbol CL, Brophy PD, Hidalgo G, Hanna M, Morgan CM, Raju TNK, Ray P, Reyes-Bou Z, Roushdi A, Goldstein SL (2017) Developing a neonatal acute kidney injury research definition: a report from the NIDDK neonatal AKI workshop. Pediatr Res 82:569–573

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG, McDonald S, Bamat NA, Keszler M, Kirpalani H, Laughon MM, Poindexter BB, Duncan AF, Yoder BA, Eichenwald EC, DeMauro SB (2019) The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200:751–759

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen EA, Wright CJ (2018) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the ongoing search for one definition to rule them all. J Pediatr 197:8–10

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hingorani S, Schmicker R, Ahmad KA, Frantz ID, Mayock DE, La Gamma EF, Baserga M, Khan JY, Gilmore MM, Robinson T, Brophy P, Heagerty PJ, Juul SE, Goldstein S, Askenazi D (2022) Prevalence and risk factors for kidney disease and elevated BP in 2-year-old children born extremely premature. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 17:1129–1138

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boghossian NS, Geraci M, Edwards EM, Horbar JD (2018) Sex differences in mortality and morbidity of infants born at less than 30 weeks’ gestation. Pediatrics 142:e20182352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ejiawoko A, Lee HC, Lu T, Lagatta J (2019) Home oxygen use for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in California. J Pediatr 210:55-62.e51

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Menendez-Castro C, Cordasic N, Fahlbusch FB, Woelfle J, Hilgers KF, Hartner A (2023) Sex differences in long-term kidney fibrosis following neonatal nephron loss during ongoing nephrogenesis. Mol Cell Pediatr 10:8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lingappan K, Alur P, Eichenwald E (2023) The need to address sex as a biological variable in neonatal clinical studies. J Pediatr 255:17–21

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, Dionne JM, Falkner B, Flinn SK, Gidding SS, Goodwin C, Leu MG, Powers ME, Rea C, Samuels J, Simasek M, Thaker VV, Urbina EM (2017) Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 140(3):e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904