Ayre JR, Bazira PJ, Abumattar M, Makwana HN, Sanders KA (2022) A new classification system for the anatomical variations of the human circle of Willis: a systematic review. J Anat 240(6):1187–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13616

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baptista AG, Studies on the arteries of, the brain. II (1963) the anterior cerebral artery: some anatomic features and their clinical implications. Neurology 13:825–835. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.13.10.825

Cilliers K, Page BJ (2016) Detailed description of the anterior cerebral artery anomalies observed in a cadaver population. Ann Anat 208:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.04.036

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cilliers K, Page BJ (2016) Review of the anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery and its anomalies. Turk Neurosurg 26(5):653–661. https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.Jtn.14294-15.1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coulier B (2021) Morphologic variants of the cerebral arterial circle on computed tomographic angiography (CTA): a large retrospective study. Surg Radiol Anat 43(3):417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-020-02661-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davidoiu AM, Mincă DI, Rusu MC, Hostiuc S, Toader C (2023) The fetal type of posterior cerebral artery. Med (Kaunas). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020231

Article  Google Scholar 

de Athayde Soares R, Câmara Costa Ferreira ZM, Viana Portela MV, Valentim M, Matielo MF, Nakamura ET et al (2024) The importance of the circle of willis in carotid interventions outcomes: a real-life study. Ann Vasc Surg 101:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2023.11.026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernando N, Ranawaka U (2024) Azygous anterior cerebral artery infarction. Pract Neurol 24(2):157–159. https://doi.org/10.1136/pn-2023-003955

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiao S, Zhi J, Li M, Chen L, Gong Z, Ma H et al (2025) Superior circle of Willis configuration in oldest-old patients with first-ever ischemic stroke: a retrospective clinical-radiological study on its association with delayed onset and enhanced female prominence. BMC Neurol 25(1):443. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-025-04456-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawashima M, Rhoton AL Jr., Tanriover N, Ulm AJ, Yasuda A, Fujii K (2005) Microsurgical anatomy of cerebral revascularization. Part I: anterior circulation. J Neurosurg 102(1):116–131. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.102.1.0116

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krzyżewski RM, Tomaszewski KA, Kochana M, Kopeć M, Klimek-Piotrowska W, Walocha JA (2015) Anatomical variations of the anterior communicating artery complex: gender relationship. Surg Radiol Anat 37(1):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-014-1313-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Zhu L, Hou B, Wang T, Xu D, Tan C et al (2021) Study on the correlation between the circle of Willis structure and collateral circulation in bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Neurol Sci 42(12):5335–5342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05265-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matos Casano HA, Tadi P, Ciofoaia GA (2025) Anterior cerebral artery stroke. StatPearls, Treasure Island. StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2025. StatPearls Publishing LLC

Perlmutter D, Rhoton AL Jr (1976) Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior cerebral-anterior communicating-recurrent artery complex. J Neurosurg 45(3):259–272. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1976.45.3.0259

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perlmutter D, Rhoton AL Jr (1978) Microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 49(2):204–228. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1978.49.2.0204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rhoton AL, Surgeons CN (2019) Rhoton’s cranial anatomy and surgical approaches. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Google Scholar 

Robert T, Bonasia S, Bojanowski MW (2023) Anatomy of cranial arteries, embryology and variants. Springer International Publishing, Cham

Book  Google Scholar 

Sablić S, Dolić K, Kraljević I, Budimir Mršić D, Čičmir-Vestić M, Benzon B et al (2023) The presence of communicating arteries in the circle of willis is associated with higher rate of functional recovery after anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Biomedicines https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11113008

Standring S, Gray’s A (2021) E-Book: Gray’s Anatomy E-Book. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Google Scholar 

Thirugnanachandran T, Beare R, Mitchell M, Wong C, Vuong J, Singhal S et al (2021) Anterior cerebral artery stroke: role of collateral systems on infarct topography. Stroke 52(9):2930–2938. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.032867

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuji Y, Kuroda Y, Wanibuchi M (2023) Coil embolization for ruptured distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm at the supracallosal portion: two case reports. Surg Neurol Int 14:444. https://doi.org/10.25259/sni_810_2023

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Raamt AF, Mali WP, van Laar PJ, van der Graaf Y (2006) The fetal variant of the circle of Willis and its influence on the cerebral collateral circulation. Cerebrovasc Dis 22(4):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang H, Cho K-C, Hong I, Kim Y, Kim YB, Kim J-J et al (2024) Influence of circle of Willis modeling on hemodynamic parameters in anterior communicating artery aneurysms and recommendations for model selection. Sci Rep 14(1):8476. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59042-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yokuş A, Toprak N, Gündüz AM, Akdeniz H, Akdemir Z, Dündar İ et al (2021) Anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery variations: assessment with magnetic resonance angiography. World Neurosurg 155:e203–e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.027

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar