Manto M, Gandini J, Feil K, Strupp M. Cerebellar ataxias: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2020;33(1):150–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000774.
Lin CR, Kuo SH. Ataxias: hereditary, acquired, and reversible etiologies. Semin Neurol. 2023;43(1):48–64. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1763511.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Coarelli G, Wirth T, Tranchant C, Koenig M, Durr A, Anheim M. The inherited cerebellar ataxias: an update. J Neurol. 2023;270(1):208–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11383-6.
Barbuto S, Lee S, Stein J, Kuo SH, Quinn L, Spinner M, et al. Home training for cerebellar ataxias: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2025;e253421. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.3421.
Sarva H, Shanker VL. Treatment options in degenerative cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014;1(4):291–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12057.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Benussi A, Batsikadze G, França C, Cury RG, Maas RPPWM. The therapeutic potential of non-invasive and invasive cerebellar stimulation techniques in hereditary ataxias. Cells. 2023;12(8):1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12081193.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lefaucheur JP, Moro E, Shirota Y, Ugawa Y, Grippe T, Chen R, Benninger DH, Jabbari B, Attaripour S, Hallett M, Paulus W. Clinical neurophysiology in the treatment of movement disorders: IFCN handbook chapter. Clin Neurophysiol. 2024;164:57–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2024.05.007.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Benussi A, Pascual-Leone A, Borroni B. Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation in neurodegenerative ataxia: a literature review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6):1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061948.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Manto M, Argyropoulos GPD, Bocci T, Celnik PA, Corben LA, Guidetti M, et al. Consensus paper: novel directions and next steps of non-invasive brain stimulation of the cerebellum in health and disease. Cerebellum. 2022;21(6):1092–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01344-6.
Matsugi A, Ohtsuka H, Bando K, Kondo Y, Kikuchi Y. Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation for degenerative cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(11):1323–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.14205.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ilg W, Milne S, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Alcock L, Beichert L, Bertini E, et al. Ataxia global initiative (AGI) working group digital motor biomarkers. Quantitative gait and balance outcomes for ataxia trials: consensus recommendations by the ataxia global initiative working group on digital-motor biomarkers. Cerebellum. 2024;23(4):1566–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-023-01625-2.
Sanna A, Pau M, Pilia G, Porta M, Casu G, Secci V, et al. Comparison of two therapeutic approaches of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in a Sardinian family affected by spinocerebellar ataxia 38: a clinical and computerized 3D gait analysis study. Cerebellum. 2024;23(3):973–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-023-01590-w.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fichera M, Nanetti L, Monelli A, Castaldo A, Marchini G, Neri M, Vukaj X, Marzorati M, Porcelli S, Mariotti C. Accelerometer-based measures in Friedreich ataxia: a longitudinal study on real-life activity. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1342965. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1342965.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Grami F, de Marco G, Bodranghien F, Manto M, Habas C. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation reconfigurates static and dynamic functional connectivity of the resting-state networks. Cerebellum Ataxias. 2021;8(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-021-00132-6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fernandez L, Rogasch NC, Do M, Clark G, Major BP, Teo WP, et al. Cerebral cortical activity following non-invasive cerebellar stimulation-a systematic review of combined TMS and EEG studies. Cerebellum. 2020;19(2):309–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-019-01093-7.
Spampinato DA, Celnik PA, Rothwell JC. Cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity: one or two different networks? J Neurosci. 2020;40(21):4230–9. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2397-19.2020.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Soy Z, Saricaoglu M, Ogul OE, Hanoglu L, Mutluay FK. The effect of transcranial direct stimulation over cerebellum and suplementary motor area on balance functions in healthy young adults: a resting EEG-tDCS study. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2025;85(4):e70026. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70026.
Popa D, Spolidoro M, Proville RD, Guyon N, Belliveau L, Léna C. Functional role of the cerebellum in gamma-band synchronization of the sensory and motor cortices. J Neurosci. 2013;33(15):6552–6. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5521-12.2013.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Farzan F, Pascual-Leone A, Schmahmann JD, Halko M. Enhancing the temporal complexity of distributed brain networks with patterned cerebellar stimulation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23599. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23599.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Buckley E, Mazzà C, McNeill A. A systematic review of the gait characteristics associated with cerebellar ataxia. Gait Posture. 2018;60:154–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.11.024.
Pau M, Porta M, Tacconi P, Sanna A. Characterization of upper limb motor dysfunctions in spinocerebellar ataxia 38: kinematic analysis of the “Hand-to-Mouth” task. Cerebellum. 2025;24(4):114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-025-01874-3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schmahmann JD, Gardner R, MacMore J, Vangel MG. Development of a brief ataxia rating scale (BARS) based on a modified form of the ICARS. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1820–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22681.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schmitz-Hübsch T, du Montcel ST, Baliko L, Berciano J, Boesch S, Depondt C, Giunti P, Globas C, Infante J, Kang JS, Kremer B, Mariotti C, Melegh B, Pandolfo M, Rakowicz M, Ribai P, Rola R, Schöls L, Szymanski S, van de Warrenburg BP, Dürr A, Klockgether T, Fancellu R. Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: development of a new clinical scale. Neurology. 2006;66(11):1717–20. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000219042.60538.92.
Sanna A, Follesa P, Tacconi P, Serra M, Pisu MG, Cocco V, Figorilli M, Defazio G, Puligheddu M. Therapeutic use of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in a Sardinian family affected by spinocerebellar ataxia 38 (SCA 38). Cerebellum. 2022;21(4):623–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01313-z.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Robertson SJ, Thomson F. Speech therapy in parkinson’s disease: a study of the efficacy ad long term effects of intensive treatment. Br J Disord Commun. 1984;19(3):213–24. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682828409029837.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tacconi P, Manca D, Tamburini G, Ferrigno P, Cossu G, Cannas A, Giagheddu M. Electroneurography index based on nerve conduction study data: method and findings in control subjects. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(1):89–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10523.
Davis RB, Õunpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci. 1991;10(5):575–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(91)90046-Z.
Rab G, Petuskey K, Bagley A. A method for determination of upper extremity kinematics. Gait Posture. 2002;15(2):113–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(01)00155-2.
Comments (0)