Louis ED, McCreary M. How common is essential tremor? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2021;11:28. https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.632.
Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus statement on the classification of tremors. From the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018;33:75–87.
Louis ED, Bares M, Benito-Leon J, Fahn S, Frucht SJ, Jankovic J, et al. Essential tremor-plus: a controversial new concept. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:266–70.
Louis ED, Huey ED, Cosentino S. Features of ET plus correlate with age and tremor duration: ET plus May be a disease stage rather than a subtype of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;91:42–7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Angelini L, Paparella G, De Biase A, Maraone A, Panfili M, Berardelli I, et al. Longitudinal study of clinical and neurophysiological features in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30(3):631–40.
Erro R, Pilotto A, Esposito M, Olivola E, Nicoletti A, Lazzeri G, et al. The italian tremor network (TITAN): rationale, design and preliminary findings. Neurol Sci. 2022;43:5369–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peng J, Li N, Li J, Duan L, Chen C, Zeng Y, Xi J, Jiang Y, Peng R. Reclassification of patients with tremor syndrome and comparisons of essential tremor and essential tremor-plus patients. J Neurol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-10985-4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Erro R, Lazzeri G, Terranova C, Paparella G, Gigante AF, De Micco R, Magistrelli L, Di Biasio F, Valentino F, Moschella V, Pilotto A, Esposito M, Olivola E, Malaguti MC, Ceravolo R, Dallocchio C, Spagnolo F, Nicoletti A, De Rosa A, Di Giacopo R, Sorrentino C, Padovani A, Altavista MC, Pacchetti C, Marchese R, Contaldi E, Tessitore A, Misceo S, Bologna M, Rizzo V, Franco G, Barone P, TITAN study group. Comparing essential tremor with and without soft dystonic signs and tremor combined with dystonia: the TITAN study. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(6):645–54.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cosentino S, Shih LC. Does essential tremor increase risk of cognitive impairment and dementia? Yes. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;163:195–231.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Erro R, Fasano A, Barone P, Bhatia KP. Milestones in tremor research: 10 years later. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9(4):429–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13418.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cartella SM, Bombaci A, Gallo G, Ledda C, Pengo M, Pignolo A, Pozzi FE, Spina E, Trinchillo A, Palermo G, Terranova C. On behaf of EduNet SIgN. Essential tremor and cognitive impairment: who, how, and why. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(7):4133–43.
Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain. 1998;121:561–79.
Hoche F, Guell X, Vangel MG, Sherman JC, Schmahmann JD. The cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale. Brain. 2018;141(1):248–70.
Destrebecq V, Naeije G. Cognitive impairment in essential tremor assessed by the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome scale. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1224478.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rao AK, Louis ED, Y). Ataxic gait in essential tremor: A Disease-Associated feature? Tremor other hyperkinet Mov (N. 2019;9. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-28jq-8t52
Curran PJ, West SG, Finch JF. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(1):16–29.
Huang H, Yang X, Zhao Q, Ning P, Shen Q, Wang H, Xie D, Lu H, Xu Y. Clinical characteristics of patients with essential tremor or essential tremor plus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;141(4):335–41.
Campbell JM, Ballard J, Duff K, Zorn M, Moretti P, Alexander MD, Rolston JD. Balance and cognitive impairments are prevalent and correlated with age in presurgical patients with essential tremor. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2022;6:100134.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tsuboi T, Uematsu T, Sawada K, Higuchi M, Hashida M, Muto M, Ito Y, Ishizaki T, Kato S, Nakatsubo D, Tsugawa T, Maesawa S, Saito Y, Fukushima T, Tamakoshi D, Hiraga K, Suzuki M, Saito R, Ramirez-Zamora A, Okun MS, Katsuno M. Determinants of clinical and neurophysiological features in essential tremor and essential tremor plus. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2025;132(7):1041–50.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Xue A, Kong R, Yang Q, Eldaief MC, Angeli PA, DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL, Yeo BTT. The detailed organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity within the individual. J Neurophysiol. 2021;125(2):358–84.
O’Reilly JX, Beckmann CF, Tomassini V, Ramnani N, Johansen-Berg H. Distinct and overlapping functional zones in the cerebellum defined by resting state functional connectivity. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20(4):953–65.
Guell X, Schmahmann JD, de Gabrieli J, Ghosh SS. Functional gradients of the cerebellum. Elife. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.36652.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Seitzman BA, Gratton C, Marek S, v Raut R, Dosenbach NUF, Schlaggar BL, et al. A set of functionally-defined brain regions with improved representation of the subcortex and cerebellum. Neuroimage. 2020;206:116290.
Boonstra JT. The cerebellar connectome. Behav Brain Res. 2025;482:115457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115457.
Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD. Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Cortex. 2010;46(7):831–44.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahmadian N, van Baarsen K, van Zandvoort M, Robe PA. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome-a meta-analysis. Cerebellum. 2019;18(5):941–50.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Widner J, Faust PL, Louis ED, Fujita H. Axonal pathology differentially affects human purkinje cell subpopulations in the essential tremor cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122(27):e2502024122.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Paparella G, Angelini L, Margiotta R, Passaretti M, Birreci D, Costa D, Cannavacciuolo A, De Riggi M, Alunni Fegatelli D, Bologna M. Insight into the relationship between motor and cognitive symptoms in essential tremor. Cerebellum. 2024;23(5):2050–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ebner TJ, Hewitt AL, Popa LS. What features of limb movements are encoded in the discharge of cerebellar neurons? Cerebellum. 2011;10:683–93.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hewitt L, Popa S, Pasalar S, Hendrix M, Ebner J. Representation of limb kinematics in Purkinje cell simple spike discharge is conserved across multiple tasks. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:2232–47.
Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A. Evolving concepts on bradykinesia. Brain. 2020;143:727–50.
Shirinbayan I, Dreyer M, Rieger W. Cortical and subcortical areas involved in the regulation of reach movement speed in the human brain: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;40(1):151–62.
Colella D, Passaretti M, Frantellizzi V, Silvia De Feo M, Cannavacciuolo A, Angelini L, et al. Subtle changes in central dopaminergic tone underlie bradykinesia in essential tremor. Neuroimage Clin. 2023;40:103526.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bostan AC, Strick PL. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19(6):338–50.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Erro R, Picillo M, Pellecchia MT, Barone P. Diagnosis versus classification of essential tremor: a research perspective. J Mov Disord. 2023;16(2):152–7. https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23020.
Comments (0)